Identification of Pine Pollen of Late Quaternary Age from the Chuska Mountains, New Mexico

FossilCathaya(Pinaceae) Pollen from the Canadian High Arctic

“…Rudolph (1935, pp. 254-255) first applied this name to Cathaya-like grains while Sivak 1976;Klaus 1977Klaus , 1987Xi and Wang 1989;Ying et al 1993;Wang et al 1995;Liu et al 1997 Cedrus Ueno 1958;McAndrews et al 1973;Bagnell 1975;Weir and Thurston 1975;Birks 1978;Moore et al 1991;Wang et al 1995 Erdtman 1943Erdtman , 1965Ueno 1958;Hansen and Cushing 1973;McAndrews et al 1973;Bagnell 1975;Weir and Thurston 1975;Sivak and Raz 1976;Klaus 1977Klaus , 1978Moore et al 1991;Wang et al 1995 Erdtman 1943Erdtman , 1965Ueno 1958;Hansen and Cushing 1973;McAndrews et al 1973;Bagnell 1975;Weir and Thurston 1975;Sivak and Raz 1976;Klaus 1977Klaus , 1978Moore et al 1991;Wang et al 1995 Podocarpus ...... 35-90 Corpus rhomboidal, elliptical, or spheroidal; marginal crest present or absent; exine thin; proximal sexine of even thickness Ueno 1958;Ying et al 1993;…”

Fifty years of Quaternary pollen analysis in Fennoscandia 1954–2004

“…Iversen 1954, Cushing 1963, Hansen & Cushing 1973, Birks 1973. Concerns about detailed pollen morphology and refined pollen identifications and obtaining representative and reliable pollen counts have long been central to Quaternary pollen analysis since Faegri & Iversen (1950).…”

POLLEN METHODS AND STUDIES | Numerical Analysis Methods

“…Numerical techniques such as the deviant index for mixed data (Hansen and Cushing, 1973) and classification and regression trees (CART) (Lindbladh et al, 2002) have proved to be powerful means of identifying fossil pine and spruce grains to species level. Pollen identification involves assigning fossil grains to preexisting categories of modern taxa.…”