Identification of PbO (BaO) faience from an early and middle Warring States period cemetery at Zhaitouhe, northern Shaanxi, China

Wang, Y.; Ma, Hongwei; Chen, K.; Huang, X.; Cui, Jianfeng; Sun, Zhongchang; Ma, Qinglin

doi:10.1111/arcm.12401

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Faience artifacts are often recognized as the former of glass and consists of a large amount of quartz sand interspersed with a small amount of glass phase. From the Western Zhou (1046BC-771BC) to Spring and Autumn period (770BC-476BC) in China, faience artifacts unearthed from archaeological excavations contained rich potassium fluxes, which were mostly blue or green glaze (Cu 2+ ) [9,[21][22][23]. During the Warring States period, there was still a relatively high Cu content.…”

Section: Lead-barium Silicate Artifactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scientific and technical analysis of lead-barium glaze dragonfly eye beads from the Late Warring States period in China

Yan,

Sun,

Zhang

2023

Herit Sci

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This paper analyzed five dragonfly eye beads excavated from M176 of the Hejia Cemetery in the Late Warring States period (around 3rd c. BC) by using a super depth of field 3D microscope system (OM), scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrum (SEM–EDS) and Raman spectroscopy. The analytical results confirmed that all the beads were glazed pottery and the glaze material belongs to the lead-barium-silicate (PbO-BaO-SiO2) system. The color component of the glaze is Chinese Blue (BaCuSi4O10). Three beads, M176-2, M176-3, and M176-4, were formed with an inner core support and were made in the same batch. Additionally, two weathering products, CuPb4(SO4)2(OH)6 and PbCO3, were detected on the glaze layer surface. The results of scientific and technological analysis show that these beads have differences in the composition of the body and glaze, and the color composition in the glaze layer is relatively rare in previous studies. The discovery of lead-barium glazed pottery beads from the Late Warring States period in northern China provides new evidence for further exploration into the origins and evolution of early glazed pottery. The identification of weathering products formed on the beads’ surface within an alkaline burial environment holds valuable implications for the study of weathering and deterioration in silicate artifacts.

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Section: Lead-barium Silicate Artifactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…During the Warring States period, there was still a relatively high Cu content. But lead fluxes replaced potassium fluxes and the original composition of the glaze has been changed due to the addition of Ba, which facilitated the formation of faience with copper barium silicate as a colorant [21].…”

Section: Lead-barium Silicate Artifactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific and technical analysis of lead-barium glaze dragonfly eye beads from the Late Warring States period in China

Yan,

Sun,

Zhang

2023

Herit Sci

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“…It is generally believed that the main sources of Lead-barium glass are galena and barite [3][4]. Regarding the origin of Lead-barium glass, it is currently believed that a type of Lead-barium Feans with similar glaze composition appeared in the early Warring States period is likely to be the predecessor of Lead-barium glass [5]. PbCO 3 is the most common weathered product for the weathered of lead-barium glass [6-8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weathering characteristics and causal analysis of lead-barium glass: A case study of green lead-barium glass beads unearthed from Hejia cemetery in Xianyang, Shaanxi Province

ha,

Sun,

et al. 2024

Preprint

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The weathering degree of three green lead-barium glass beads unearthed from the Hejia cemetery in Xianyang, Shaanxi Province increased in turn, and one of the glass beads showed obvious weathered stratification. In order to explore the weathered characteristics and causes of lead-barium glass,this study observe the microscopic morphology of the glass bead substrate and weathered layer by ultra-depth-of-field 3D video microscopy (OM), the weathered profile was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy spectroscopy (EDS) line scan technology, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) and microscopic laser Raman spectroscopy (Raman) were used for chemical element and composition analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to analyze the valence change process of glass chromogenic elements. The results showed that the substrate of the three green glass beads was lead-barium silicate glass system, and the main chromogenic element was Cu(II).The weathered products of lead-barium glass are PbCO3 and BaSO4, which are produced by the continuous outward loss of Pb, Ba and S elements from the substrate to the outermost layer, and the interaction with CO32- and SO42- ions in the buried environment, a process accompanied by the conversion from Cu(II) to Cu(I).This study has reference significance for the study of the firing process, weathered mechanism and protection of lead-barium silicate glass system.

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Egyptian blue, Chinese blue, and related two-dimensional silicates: from antiquity to future technologies. Part A: general properties and historical uses

Nicola

Gobetto

Mašić

2023

Rend. Fis. Acc. Lincei

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The ancient Egyptian blue pigment was developed over 5000 years ago and was used extensively for around four millennia until its use mysteriously declined dramatically during the Early Middle Ages. It recently attracted a lot of attention along with some related materials, leading to a fast-growing number of applications in fields, such as sensors, solar concentrators, energy-saving, and medicine. The new surge in interest began in 1996 with the discovery of their intense NIR photoluminescence that surprisingly can be triggered even by visible light. In 2013, the possibility of exfoliating them and producing NIR luminescent nanosheets was established, expanding the family of 2D nanomaterials. More recently, the discovery of their high antibacterial effects and biocompatibility, and very promising optical, electric and magnetic properties, has further boosted their applications. The characteristics of Egyptian blue are due to its main component: the very stable crystalline compound CaCuSi4O10. This tetragonal sheet silicate is the synthetic analogous of the rare cuprorivaite mineral. In Part A of this review, we summarize the historical uses and main properties (i.e., composition, structure, color, stability, luminescence, and biological activity) of cuprorivaite and related 2D silicates, i.e., BaCuSi4O10 (the main constituent of the ancient pigment Chinese Blue), BaCuSi2O6 (the main constituent of the ancient pigment Chinese Purple), SrCuSi4O10 (synthetic analogous of wesselsite) and BaFeSi4O10 (synthetic analogous of gillespite). The Part B of the review will focus on the modern rediscovery of these materials, their modern synthesis and exfoliation, and the innovative applications based on their properties.

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Identification of PbO (BaO) faience from an early and middle Warring States period cemetery at Zhaitouhe, northern Shaanxi, China

Cited by 5 publications

References 17 publications

Scientific and technical analysis of lead-barium glaze dragonfly eye beads from the Late Warring States period in China

Scientific and technical analysis of lead-barium glaze dragonfly eye beads from the Late Warring States period in China

Weathering characteristics and causal analysis of lead-barium glass: A case study of green lead-barium glass beads unearthed from Hejia cemetery in Xianyang, Shaanxi Province

Egyptian blue, Chinese blue, and related two-dimensional silicates: from antiquity to future technologies. Part A: general properties and historical uses

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