Identification of okadaic acid production in the marine dinoflagellate Prorocentrum rhathymum from Florida Bay

Prorocentrum mexicanum and P. rhathymum are toxicologically important dinoflagellates, but their relationship is not well defined. We investigated strains from Puerto Rico and Brazil by light and scanning electron microscopies. We provide molecular data from a strain isolated near the type locality of P. rhathymum, and the first morphological and molecular data from the South Atlantic Ocean. The rRNA gene (rDNA) sequences of the Puerto Rican and Brazilian strains were identical, and their morphologies fit the description of P. rhathymum. In the molecular phylogenies, the globally distributed populations under the names P. mexicanum and P. rhathymum are intermixed and branched together, except for several divergent strains from Florida and Cuba. We examined the original descriptions and iconotypes of the species Prorocentrum maximum, P. brochii, P. mexicanum, and P. rhathymum. We conclude that P. maximum sensu Schiller's figure 41a corresponds to the earlier description of this species; the split of P. mexicanum and P. rhathymum was based on a misidentification because P. mexicanum sensu Cortés-Altamirano & Sierra-Beltrán corresponds to P. texanum var. cuspidatum; and P. rhathymum is a junior synonym of P. mexicanum. Several Floridian and Cuban strains correspond to a new species, which we describe as Prorocentrum steidingerae sp. nov.

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“…strain FIU25 (An et al. ), and from Cuba identified as P. rhathymum strain PXHV‐1 (Herrera‐Sepúlveda et al. ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Strains of P. rhathymum have been reported to produce several toxins (An et al. ; Caillaud et al. ; Nakajima et al.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Synonymy of the Toxic Dinoflagellates Prorocentrum mexicanum and P. rhathymum and the Description of P. steidingerae sp. nov. (Prorocentrales, Dinophyceae)

Gómez¹,

Qiu

Lin

2017

J Eukaryotic Microbiology

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“…Furthermore, a progressive increase in OA has also been recently described in North American coasts [38]. Consequently, the study of the mechanisms involved in the accumulation and depuration of OA in marine organisms holds the key for a better understanding of the deleterious effect of this biotoxin in the ecosystems, as well as for the efficient management of toxic episodes, minimizing their effect on human health.…”

Section: Response Strategies To Okadaic Acid In Marine Invertebratesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Okadaic Acid Meet and Greet: An Insight into Detection Methods, Response Strategies and Genotoxic Effects in Marine Invertebrates

et al. 2013

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Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) constitute one of the most important sources of contamination in the oceans, producing high concentrations of potentially harmful biotoxins that are accumulated across the food chains. One such biotoxin, Okadaic Acid (OA), is produced by marine dinoflagellates and subsequently accumulated within the tissues of filtering marine organisms feeding on HABs, rapidly spreading to their predators in the food chain and eventually reaching human consumers causing Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP) syndrome. While numerous studies have thoroughly evaluated the effects of OA in mammals, the attention drawn to marine organisms in this regard has been scarce, even though they constitute primary targets for this biotoxin. With this in mind, the present work aimed to provide a timely and comprehensive insight into the current literature on the effect of OA in marine invertebrates, along with the strategies developed by these organisms to respond to its toxic effect together with the most important methods and techniques used for OA detection and evaluation.

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“…Several dinoflagellates of the genera Prorocentrum and Dinophysis including Prorocentrum lima , P. concavum , P. maculosum, D. acuminata , P. rhathymum , and Dinophysis fortii are known to produce OA. 4 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The structures of three metabolites of the algal hepatotoxin okadaic acid produced by oxidation with human cytochrome P450

Liu

Guo

Crain

et al. 2012

Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry

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Four metabolites of okadaic acid were generated by incubation with human recombinant cytochrome P450 3A4. The structures of two of the four metabolites have been determined by MS/MS experiments and 1D and 2D NMR methods using 94 and 133 μg of each metabolite. The structure of a third metabolite was determined by oxidation to a metabolite of known structure. Like okadaic acid, the metabolites are inhibitors of protein phosphatase PP2A. Although one of the metabolites does have an α,β unsaturated carbonyl with the potential to form adducts with an active site cysteine, all of the metabolites are reversible inhibitors of PP2A.

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Identification of okadaic acid production in the marine dinoflagellate Prorocentrum rhathymum from Florida Bay

Cited by 51 publications

References 30 publications

The Synonymy of the Toxic Dinoflagellates Prorocentrum mexicanum and P. rhathymum and the Description of P. steidingerae sp. nov. (Prorocentrales, Dinophyceae)

The Synonymy of the Toxic Dinoflagellates Prorocentrum mexicanum and P. rhathymum and the Description of P. steidingerae sp. nov. (Prorocentrales, Dinophyceae)

Okadaic Acid Meet and Greet: An Insight into Detection Methods, Response Strategies and Genotoxic Effects in Marine Invertebrates

The structures of three metabolites of the algal hepatotoxin okadaic acid produced by oxidation with human cytochrome P450

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