Identification of neurons with acetilcholinesterase and NADPH-diaphorase activities in the centrifugal visual system of the chick

Gardino, P.F.; Schmal, Alice R; Calaza, Karin da Costa

doi:10.1016/j.jchemneu.2004.04.004

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…The ION represents an important nucleus in the closed feedback loop between the brain and retina, modulating early sensory processing (Cowan and Clarke, 1976; Gardino et al, 2004). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Localization of CB1 cannabinoid receptor mRNA in the brain of the chick (Gallus domesticus)

Stincic

Hyson

2008

Brain Research

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The cannabinoid receptor one (CB1) is prevalent in the brains of many species. Receptor binding, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical surveys have described the distribution of this receptor in a limited number of species. The current study used in situ hybridization to examine the expression of CB1 mRNA in the chick brain, a non-mammalian vertebrate. The results were compared to the observed patterns of expression for CB1 mRNA, protein, and agonist binding that have been reported for other avian species and mammals. Importantly, since CB1 receptors are typically located on neuronal terminals, comparison of the somatic mRNA expression with previously reported descriptions of the location of functional receptors, allows speculation about the circuits that make use of these receptors. The expression pattern for CB1 mRNA appears to be highly conserved across species in key areas such as the cerebellum and portions of the forebrain. For example, high levels of expression were observed in the avian amygdala and hippocampus, areas which express high levels of CB1 in mammals. The avian substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area, however, showed specific labeling. This finding is in stark contrast to the high levels of receptor binding or CB1 protein, but not CB1 mRNA in these areas of the mammalian brain. Moderate labeling was also seen throughout the hyperpallium and mesopallium. Throughout the brain, a number of regions that are known to be involved in visual processing displayed high levels of expression. For example, the tectum also had strong mRNA expression within layers 9-11 of the stratum griseum et fibrosum superficale and stratum album centrale.

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“…The ION represents an important nucleus in the closed feedback loop between the brain and retina, modulating early sensory processing (Cowan and Clarke, 1976; Gardino et al, 2004). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Localization of CB1 cannabinoid receptor mRNA in the brain of the chick (Gallus domesticus)

Stincic

Hyson

2008

Brain Research

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“…There is some evidence that suggests that CTB is avidly taken up by fibers of passage (Chen and Aston‐Jones, 1995); therefore, it is more useful as a retrograde tracer. CTB has been used extensively in mammalian mapping studies and many studies have demonstrated comparable efficacy in birds (Shimizu et al, 1994; Wu et al, 2003; Gardino et al, 2004). We also used 10,000 kD biotin dextran amine (BDA) as an anterograde tracing agent.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chicken suprachiasmatic nuclei: I. Efferent and afferent connections

Cantwell

Cassone

2006

J. Comp. Neurol.

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The avian circadian system is composed of multiple inputs, oscillators and outputs. Among its oscillators are the pineal gland, retinae and a hypothalamic structure assumed to be homologous to the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Two structures have been suggested as this homolog-the medial SCN (mSCN) and the visual SCN (vSCN). The present study employed biotin dextran amine (BDA) and cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) as anterograde and retrograde tracers to investigate the connectivity of the mSCN and vSCN in order to address this issue. Intravitreal injections of CTB were used to determine whether one or both of these structures receives afferent input from retinal ganglion cells. Both the vSCN and mSCN receive terminal retinal input, with the strongest input terminating in the vSCN. Precise iontophoretic injections of BDA and CTB in the mSCN and vSCN were used to identify efferents and afferents. The avian mSCN and vSCN collectively express more efferents and afferents than does the mammalian SCN. A subset of these connections matches the connections that have been established in rodent species. Individually, both the mSCN and vSCN are similar to the mammalian SCN in terms of their connections. Based on these data and other studies, we present a working model of the avian SCN that includes both the mSCN and vSCN as hypothalamic oscillators. We contend that both structures are involved in a suprachiasmatic complex that, as a functional group, may be homologous to the mammalian SCN.

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“…Morphological studies indicate that NO synthase (NOS) is oftenly colocalized with the classical neurotransmitter, ACh, in the vertebrate brain (Villani et al 1994;Nilson and Söderström 1997;Smeets et al 1997;Gardino et al 2004;Necker 2004). Furthermore, nicotinic ACh receptors and neuronal NOS (nNOS) are present in identical cells of the prefrontal cortex (Csillik et al 1998) and hippocampal inhibitory neurons in mammals (Adams and Freedman 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although histological studies have detected widespread anatomical interactions of cholinergic and NOS-containing neurons in the brainstem, diencephalon, and somatomotoric centers of all vertebrates examined from lampreys to mammals (Villani et al 1994;Nilson and Söderström 1997;Smeets et al 1997;Gardino et al 2004;Necker 2004), few comparative physiological studies have been carried out on the function of ACh/NOS interactions in non-mammalian vertebrates. So far, we know that NO provokes ACh release by the induction of potassium depolarization in Torpedo synaptosomes (Ribera et al 1998), and that ACh can cause an NO-dependent increase in brain blood flow in turtles and some fish species, whereas other fishes appear to lack such a mechanism (Nilson and Söderstörm 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acetylcholine inhibits nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in the gastropod nervous system

et al. 2009

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Acetylcholine (ACh) is one of the main signals regulating nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression and nitric oxide (NO) biosynthesis in mammals. However, few comparative studies have been performed on the role of ACh on NOS activity in non-mammalian animals. We have therefore studied the cholinergic control of NOS in the snail Helix pomatia and compared the effects of ACh on NO synthesis in the enteric nervous system of the snail and rat. Analyses by the NADPH-diaphorase reaction, immunocytochemistry, purification with ion-exchange chromatography, Western-blot, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction have revealed the expression of neuronal NOS in the rat intestine and of a 60-kDa subunit of NOS in the enteric nerve plexus of H. pomatia. In H. pomatia, quantification of the NO-derived nitrite ions has established that NO formation is confined to the NOS-containing midintestine. Nitrite production can be elevated by L-arginine but inhibited by N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine. In rats, ACh moderately elevates nitrite production, whereas ACh, the nicotinic receptor agonists (nicotine, acetyl thiocholine iodide, metacholine) and the cholinesterase inhibitor eserine reduce enteric nitrite formation in snails. The nicotinic receptor antagonist tubocurarine also provokes nitrite liberation, whereas the muscarinic receptor agonists or antagonists have no significant effect in snails. In the presence of EDTA or tetrodotoxin, ACh fails to inhibit nitrite production. In pharmacological studies, we have found that ACh contracts the midintestinal muscles and, in snails, simultaneously reduces the antagonistic muscle relaxant effect of L-arginine. Our experiments provide the first evidence for an inhibitory regulation of neuronal NO synthesis by ACh in an invertebrate species.

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Identification of neurons with acetilcholinesterase and NADPH-diaphorase activities in the centrifugal visual system of the chick

Cited by 7 publications

References 55 publications

Localization of CB1 cannabinoid receptor mRNA in the brain of the chick (Gallus domesticus)

Localization of CB1 cannabinoid receptor mRNA in the brain of the chick (Gallus domesticus)

Chicken suprachiasmatic nuclei: I. Efferent and afferent connections

Acetylcholine inhibits nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in the gastropod nervous system

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