Identification of NADPH:Protochlorophyllide Oxidoreductases A and B: A Branched Pathway for Light-Dependent Chlorophyll Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana

Armstrong, Gregory A.; Runge, Sönke; Frick, Geneviève; Sperling, Ulrich; Apel, Klaus

doi:10.1104/pp.108.4.1505

Cited by 265 publications

(276 citation statements)

References 55 publications

(125 reference statements)

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“…Characterization of the Arabidopsis SPC1/ZDS gene 466 npg stages [56,[58][59][60]. We found that expression of both PORB and CAO was downregulated in spc1-1 mutant plants and not detectable in spc1-2 ( Figure 8A and data not shown), which likely accounts for the reduced chlorophyll level in the mutants.…”

Section: Chlorophyll Biosynthesis Is Downregulated In Spc1mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…POR catalyzes the light-dependent reduction of protochlorophyllide a to chlorophyllide a, which is subsequently converted into chlorophyllide b by CAO [56][57][58][59]. The Arabidopsis genome has a single-copied CAO gene and three structurally related POR genes (A, B and C), of which only PORB is expressed throughout most developmental Cell Research | www.cell-research.com…”

Section: Chlorophyll Biosynthesis Is Downregulated In Spc1mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Arabidopsis Spontaneous Cell Death1 gene, encoding a ζ-carotene desaturase essential for carotenoid biosynthesis, is involved in chloroplast development, photoprotection and retrograde signalling

et al. 2007

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Carotenoids, a class of natural pigments found in all photosynthetic organisms, are involved in a variety of physiological processes, including coloration, photoprotection, biosynthesis of abscisic acid (ABA) and chloroplast biogenesis. Although carotenoid biosynthesis has been well studied biochemically, the genetic basis of the pathway is not well understood. Here, we report the characterization of two allelic Arabidopsis mutants, spontaneous cell death1-1 (spc1-1) and spc1-2. The weak allele spc1-1 mutant showed characteristics of bleached leaves, accumulation of superoxide and mosaic cell death. The strong mutant allele spc1-2 caused a complete arrest of plant growth and development shortly after germination, leading to a seedling-lethal phenotype. Genetic and molecular analyses indicated that SPC1 encodes a putative z-carotene desaturase (ZDS) in the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway. Analysis of carotenoids revealed that several major carotenoid compounds downstream of SPC1/ZDS were substantially reduced in spc1-1, suggesting that SPC1 is a functional ZDS. Consistent with the downregulated expression of CAO and PORB, the chlorophyll content was decreased in spc1-1 plants. In addition, expression of Lhcb1.1, Lhcb1.4 and RbcS was absent in spc1-2, suggesting the possible involvement of carotenoids in the plastid-to-nucleus retrograde signaling. The spc1-1 mutant also displays an ABA-deficient phenotype that can be partially rescued by the externally supplied phytohormone. These results suggest that SPC1/ZDS is essential for biosynthesis of carotenoids and plays a crucial role in plant growth and development.

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Section: Chlorophyll Biosynthesis Is Downregulated In Spc1mentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Chlorophyll Biosynthesis Is Downregulated In Spc1mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Arabidopsis Spontaneous Cell Death1 gene, encoding a ζ-carotene desaturase essential for carotenoid biosynthesis, is involved in chloroplast development, photoprotection and retrograde signalling

et al. 2007

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“…Numerous studies suggested that while the dark‐grown photosynthetic cells are exposed to light, light govern many biological processes including chlorophyll synthesis, activation of the Calvin cycle, and up‐regulation of the photosynthetic genes (Armstrong et al, 1995; Horton and Black, 1981; Suzuki and Bauer, 1995). However, the results of this study indicated light played a less vital role than nitrogen in the process of acclimation, since there is slight difference in terms of photosynthesis efficiency and the content of photosynthetic components among the treatments with different light intensities under the same nitrogen regime, but the difference between N‐replete and N depletion under the same light regime is dramatic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on the prior knowledge and our own experience, we hypothesized that after fermentation, incompetent photosynthetic machinery in the algal cells can be recovered by acclimating the cells to defined light and nitrogen regimes for a period of time, which are known to play a trigger role in the greening process for dark‐grown plant cells (Armstrong et al, 1995; Horton and Black, 1981; Suzuki and Bauer, 1995). To test the hypothesis, we conducted a series of experiments aiming at bridging heterotrophic cultivation and photo‐induction whereby introducing a process acclimating algal cells to various light and nitrogen regimes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A new paradigm for producing astaxanthin from the unicellular green alga Haematococcus pluvialis

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2016

Biotech & Bioengineering

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The unicellular green alga Haematococcus pluvialis has been exploited as a cell factory to produce the high‐value antioxidant astaxanthin for over two decades, due to its superior ability to synthesize astaxanthin under adverse culture conditions. However, slow vegetative growth under favorable culture conditions and cell deterioration or death under stress conditions (e.g., high light, nitrogen starvation) has limited the astaxanthin production. In this study, a new paradigm that integrated heterotrophic cultivation, acclimation of heterotrophically grown cells to specific light/nutrient regimes, followed by induction of astaxanthin accumulation under photoautotrophic conditions was developed. First, the environmental conditions such as pH, carbon source, nitrogen regime, and light intensity, were optimized to induce astaxanthin accumulation in the dark‐grown cells. Although moderate astaxanthin content (e.g., 1% of dry weight) and astaxanthin productivity (2.5 mg L−1 day−1) were obtained under the optimized conditions, a considerable number of cells died off when subjected to stress for astaxanthin induction. To minimize the susceptibility of dark‐grown cells to light stress, the algal cells were acclimated, prior to light induction of astaxanthin biosynthesis, under moderate illumination in the presence of nitrogen. Introduction of this strategy significantly reduced the cell mortality rate under high‐light and resulted in increased cellular astaxanthin content and astaxanthin productivity. The productivity of astaxanthin was further improved to 10.5 mg L−1 day−1 by implementation of such a strategy in a bubbling column photobioreactor. Biochemical and physiological analyses suggested that rebuilding of photosynthetic apparatus including D1 protein and PsbO, and recovery of PSII activities, are essential for acclimation of dark‐grown cells under photo‐induction conditions. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 2088–2099. © 2016 The Authors. Biotechnology and Bioengineering Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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“…The different types of plastids are interconvertible in response to developmental and environmental changes (Mullet, 1988;López-Juez and Pyke, 2005). In the absence of light, proplastids can differentiate into etioplasts, which contain a semicrystalline structure called the prolamellar body with precursors of both chlorophyll and thylakoid membrane lipids (Armstrong et al, 1995). Upon illumination, genes associated with biogenesis of the mature chloroplast are expressed, and several subsequent activities, including import of nucleus-encoded chloroplast proteins, expression of plastid-encoded photosynthetic genes, biosynthesis of chlorophyll, assembly of the photosystems and the thylakoid network, and chloroplast division, occur in parallel to complete chloroplast development.…”

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confidence: 99%

Functional Characterization of the GATA Transcription Factors GNC and CGA1 Reveals Their Key Role in Chloroplast Development, Growth, and Division in Arabidopsis

et al. 2012

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Chloroplasts develop from proplastids in a process that requires the interplay of nuclear and chloroplast genomes, but key steps in this developmental process have yet to be elucidated. Here, we show that the nucleus-localized transcription factors GATA NITRATE-INDUCIBLE CARBON-METABOLISM-INVOLVED (GNC) and CYTOKININ-RESPONSIVE GATA1 (CGA1) regulate chloroplast development, growth, and division in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). GNC and CGA1 are highly expressed in green tissues, and the phytohormone cytokinin regulates their expression. A gnc cga1 mutant exhibits a reduction in overall chlorophyll levels as well as in chloroplast size in the hypocotyl. Ectopic overexpression of either GNC or CGA1 promotes chloroplast biogenesis in hypocotyl cortex and root pericycle cells, based on increases in the number and size of the chloroplasts, and also results in expanded zones of chloroplast production into the epidermis of hypocotyls and cotyledons and into the cortex of roots. Ectopic overexpression also promotes the development of etioplasts from proplastids in dark-grown seedlings, subsequently enhancing the deetiolation process. Inducible expression of GNC demonstrates that GNCmediated chloroplast biogenesis can be regulated postembryonically, notably so for chloroplast production in cotyledon epidermal cells. Analysis of the gnc cga1 loss-of-function and overexpression lines supports a role for these transcription factors in regulating the effects of cytokinin on chloroplast division. These data support a model in which GNC and CGA1 serve as two of the master transcriptional regulators of chloroplast biogenesis, acting downstream of cytokinin and mediating the development of chloroplasts from proplastids and enhancing chloroplast growth and division in specific tissues.

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Identification of NADPH:Protochlorophyllide Oxidoreductases A and B: A Branched Pathway for Light-Dependent Chlorophyll Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana

Cited by 265 publications

References 55 publications

The Arabidopsis Spontaneous Cell Death1 gene, encoding a ζ-carotene desaturase essential for carotenoid biosynthesis, is involved in chloroplast development, photoprotection and retrograde signalling

The Arabidopsis Spontaneous Cell Death1 gene, encoding a ζ-carotene desaturase essential for carotenoid biosynthesis, is involved in chloroplast development, photoprotection and retrograde signalling

A new paradigm for producing astaxanthin from the unicellular green alga Haematococcus pluvialis

Functional Characterization of the GATA Transcription Factors GNC and CGA1 Reveals Their Key Role in Chloroplast Development, Growth, and Division in Arabidopsis

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