Identification of musk xylene and musk ketone in freshwater fish collected from the Tama River, Tokyo

Yamagishi, Tatsunori; Miyazaki, Tomoyuki; Horii, Shozo; Kaneko, Seiji

doi:10.1007/bf01622152

Cited by 124 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Among them, synthetic musks (SM) were first identified in the aquatic environment in the Tama River, Japan in 1981 (Yamagishi et al 1981). Since then, SM have been detected in most environmental matrices, including air (Xie et al 2007), marine water (Xie et al 2007), lake water (Peck and Hornbuckle 2004), sediment (Peck et al 2006), Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00477-012-0581-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening level ecological risk assessment for synthetic musks in surface water of Lake Taihu, China

Guo

et al. 2012

Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess

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A total of thirty-three surface water samples were collected from Meiliang Bay, Gonghu Bay and Xukou Bay of Lake Taihu, and analyzed for synthetic musks, including 1,3,4,6,7,8-hexahydro-4,6,6,7,8,8-hexamethylcyclopenta-[c]-2-benzopyrane (HHCB), 7-acetyl-1,1,3,4,4, 6-hexamethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene (AHTN), 1-tertbutyl-3,5-dimethyl-2,5-dinitro-4-acetylbenzene (MK) and 1-tert-butyl-3,5-dimethyl-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (MX). Ecological risks of these compounds were characterized by hazard quotient (HQ) method due to a lack of sufficient available toxicity data of synthetic musks. HHCB was the main synthetic musk detected in Lake Taihu, followed by AHTN, MK, and MX. The risk assessment results indicate that low ecological risks were posed by HHCB and total synthetic musks, and even lower risks posed by other synthetic musks in the worst case; much lower ecological risks were caused by both individual and total synthetic musks in the general case. The combined ecological risk from total synthetic musks calculation suggests that the combined ecological risk from all four synthetic musks was expected to be slightly higher than for the individual musks due to their joint action. The HQ spatial distribution maps show that several hot-spot areas were mainly around the river inlets to Lake Taihu, indicating that synthetic musks may be transported to Lake Taihu with municipal sewage and industrial wastewater from surrounding areas. However, the ecological risks in hot-spot areas posed by individual and total synthetic musks were still acceptable.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening level ecological risk assessment for synthetic musks in surface water of Lake Taihu, China

Guo

et al. 2012

Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess

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“…1 musks, such as musk xylene (MX) and musk ketone (MK), were SMs are a group of chemicals which are not readily detected for the first time in the environment in Japan. 19 Due to biodegradable and are capable of being bioaccumulated on the potential carcinogenicity of nitro musks, most developed account of the high logarithm of their octanol-water partition countries have banned or restricted their use in personal care coefficient (log Kow). 2,3 Due to the high cost and uncertainty products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Determination of Trace Polycyclic and Nitro Musks in Water Samples Using Optimized Solid-Phase Extraction by Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry

Yuan

et al. 2009

ANAL. SCI.

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This study intended to develop a robust and sensitive method for simultaneous determination of polycyclic musks (HHCB and AHTN) and nitro musks (musk xylene (MX) and musk ketone (MK)) in water samples using optimized solid-phase extraction (SPE) by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The SPE procedure was optimized in terms of selections of SPE cartridge, sample pH, elution process, etc. The method detection limits (MDLs) were from 0.09 to 0.18 ng L -1 for the analytes. The recoveries ranged from 88.3 to 104.1% in spiked deionized water and from 86.4 to 106.8% in groundwater samples, respectively. The proposed approach was also validated by detecting real samples. The results revealed that HHCB and AHTN were ubiquitous in the local aquatic matrices. Furthermore, nitro musks were found in some aquatic matrices, which is consistent with the fact that nitro musks are still being produced and applied in China.

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“…The worldwide annual production of nitromusks has been estimated to be approximately 2000 metric tons in 1988 . Nitromusks were first detected in 1981 as a new group of environmental pollutants present in the aquatic biota (Yamagishi et al, 1981). Most likely as a result of their lipophilicity (K ow : 4.9 and 4.3 of MX and MK, respectively), planarity of the aromatic ring structure and therefore high particle affinity, between 60 and 80% of the incoming nitromusk mass in the raw sewage can be eliminated during sewage treatment (Tas and van de Plassche, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions of nitromusk parent compounds and their amino-metabolites with the estrogen receptors of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the South African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis)

Chou

Dietrich

1999

Toxicology Letters

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Interactions of nitromusk parent compounds and their amino-metabolites with the estrogen receptors of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the South African clawed frog (Xenopus lae6is) AbstractNitromusks, musk xylene (MX), musk ketone (MK) and musk moskene (MM) are synthetic fragrances. 4-Amino-MX (4X), 2-amino-MX (2X) and 2-amino-MK (2K) are nitromusk metabolites formed during the sewage treatment process and have been detected in effluent and surface water at concentrations four to 40 times higher than their parent compounds. To date, data to the aquatic toxicity of nitromusk compounds are limited to the parent compounds and the determination of acute and subacute effects in aquatic organisms. No data are available regarding the potential endocrine modulating effects of these compounds and/or their metabolites in aquatic organisms. Therefore, the competitive binding capability of nitromusks and their metabolites to the estrogen receptors (ER) in rainbow trout and xenopus was investigated. No binding of MX, MK and MM to the ER of either species was observed. In contrast, binding to the ER was observed for 4X, 2X and 2K in both species. The IC 50 (competitive binding at the ER) of 2X in rainbow trout was 1.3 91.1 mM. In contrast, 4X, 2X and 2K bound to the xenopus ER with an IC 50 of 30.8928.5, 12.9910.3 and 70.1988.3 mM, respectively.

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Identification of musk xylene and musk ketone in freshwater fish collected from the Tama River, Tokyo

Cited by 124 publications

References 2 publications

Screening level ecological risk assessment for synthetic musks in surface water of Lake Taihu, China

Screening level ecological risk assessment for synthetic musks in surface water of Lake Taihu, China

Simultaneous Determination of Trace Polycyclic and Nitro Musks in Water Samples Using Optimized Solid-Phase Extraction by Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry

Interactions of nitromusk parent compounds and their amino-metabolites with the estrogen receptors of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the South African clawed frog (Xenopus laevis)

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