Identification of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1-Suppressive Peptides in Feather Keratin Hydrolysate

Abstract

Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which degrade collagen and elastin in the dermis of normal skin, is a key strategy for anti-skin aging. In this study, we identified five low-molecular-weight (LMW, <1 kDa) MMP-1suppressive peptides in feather keratin hydrolysate (FKH) obtained by anaerobic digestion with an extremophilic bacterium. FKH was first subjected to ultrafiltration, followed by size-exclusion chromatography and liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Chemically synthesized peptides identical to the sequences identified suppressed MMP expression in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). To investigate the impact of the MMP-1-suppressive peptides on the signaling pathway, we performed antibody array phosphorylation profiling of HDFs. The results suggested that the peptide GGFDL regulates ultraviolet-B-induced MMP-1 expression by inhibiting mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor κB signaling pathways as well as histone modification. Thus, LMW feather keratin peptides could serve as novel bioactive compounds to protect the skin against intrinsic and extrinsic factors.

Identification of keratinases from Fervidobacterium islandicum AW‐1 using dynamic gene expression profiling

“…Such data may further strengthen our understanding of the molecular mechanism of keratin digestion, which underlies the pathogenesis of superficial dermatophyte infections. Furthermore, these enzymes can be exploited to design and develop an environmentally favourable and efficient recycling process to treat solid keratinous waste, which was supported by recent works highlighting the power of keratin hydrolysates as bioactive peptides in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics (Villa et al, 2013;Hou et al, 2017;Jin et al, 2018).…”

“…The use of keratinases (or microorganisms) as biocatalysts for agricultural and environmental waste treatment to develop environmental recycling technologies for treating keratin-rich solid waste (Nam et al, 2002;Sharma and Devi, 2018;Yeo et al, 2018;Jin et al, 2019), as well as elucidating the molecular basis of keratin degradation, is especially interesting (Brandelli, 2008). Accordingly, there have been many attempts to identify microbial keratinases due to their attractiveness as tools for the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries as well as for sustainable waste treatment (Brandelli, 2008;Brandelli et al, 2010;Jin et al, 2018). Despite the identification of several proteases through much effort (Lin et al, 1992;Bockle et al, 1995;Santos et al, 1996;Yeo et al, 2018), their keratinolytic activities have not been fully characterized.…”

“…Such insoluble and recalcitrant fibrous proteins (Ashby, ) are commonly incinerated, disposed of in landfills, or chemically hydrolysed, resulting in (i) generation of greenhouse gases in the course of waste treatment, concomitant with energy loss; (ii) loss of essential amino acids via acid hydrolysis; or (iii) poor digestibility in the animal gastrointestinal tract with some negative effects on the nutritional value of animal feeds. Although feathers, which are mainly composed of keratin, are potentially useful protein resources for bioactive peptides, rare amino acids, animal feeds and fertilizers (Papadopoulos et al , ; Onifade et al , ; Gupta and Ramnani, ; Jin et al , ), their structural rigidity limits their usefulness due to their strong resistance to proteolysis (Parry and North, ; Kreplak et al , ). The use of keratinases (or microorganisms) as biocatalysts for agricultural and environmental waste treatment to develop environmental recycling technologies for treating keratin‐rich solid waste (Nam et al , ; Sharma and Devi, ; Yeo et al , ; Jin et al , ), as well as elucidating the molecular basis of keratin degradation, is especially interesting (Brandelli, ).…”

Microbial enzymes catalyzing keratin degradation: Classification, structure, function

“…( Suzuki et al, 2006 ). Furthermore, microbial keratin-rich material hydrolysis can generate bioactive peptides, and this constitutes a point of utmost interest for development of functional ingredients with elevated value ( Callegaro et al, 2019 ), for example, for use in pharmaceuticals and cosmetics ( Jin et al, 2018 ; Yeo et al, 2018 ). Keratinolytic enzymes may also be used in bioenergy applications by assisting the production of biofuel and biogas.…”

Challenges and Opportunities in Identifying and Characterising Keratinases for Value-Added Peptide Production

“…Keratin-derived bioactive peptides have been reported in the literature. These peptides have a range of activities like antimicrobial [149], antihypertensive [150], anti-inflammatory [151][152][153][154], antioxidant [149,150,155], inhibition of early stage amyloid aggregation [156], antidiabetic [157] or anti-aging [158][159][160] depending on the keratin source and the method of preparation. Producing protein feed supplements with antioxidant or anti-inflammatory properties as well as skin and hair products with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial or anti-aging properties would most likely increase the value of these products.…”