Identification of materials used in a wooden coffin lid covered with composite layers dating back to the Ptolemaic period in Egypt

Badr, Nour Mohamed; Ali, Mona F.; Hadidi, Nesrin M.N. El; Naeem, Gamal A. El El

doi:10.14568/cp2017029

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Orpiment was widely used on a polychrome wooden artifact dating back to the 26 th dynasty in ancient Egypt [12]. The blue color contained calcium and copper correlated with the existence of the mineral "cuprorivaite" (CaCuSi 4 O 10 ), acting as the main coloring agent of the Egyptian blue pigment [26]. Lead (Pb) also appeared in the analysis, in addition to other elements in the background (calcium carbonate with silica).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examination and Analysis of a Painted Wooden Funerary Stela From the Late Period at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo

Ali

Kalil²,

Mohamed³

2022

Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies

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This study presents the results of various analytical techniques applied to a painted wooden stela in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. The examined elements of the stela included the wooden support, the prepared layer, and the various colors overlaying it. The techniques applied were the analysis of a cross-section from the wooden support using a USB digital microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy with Attenuated Total Reflection (FTIR), and Visible-induced Infrared Luminescence (VIL). The study also focused on the most active fungi that grow on the wood. The analysis of the pigments revealed the presence of Egyptian green and blue, hematite, calcium carbonate, and orpiment. These were applied on an orpiment background. An organic binder in the form of gum Arabic was detected, indicating the application of the tempera technique. The wooden support was made of sycamore wood. The preparation layer consisted of calcium carbonate with silicon as the base layer, followed by a layer of calcite.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examination and Analysis of a Painted Wooden Funerary Stela From the Late Period at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo

Ali

Kalil²,

Mohamed³

2022

Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies

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“…Upright microscopy using a Zeiss Axio Imager M1 (Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Jena, Germany), with an Axio Cam (200-400×) was used to investigate and identify the type of limestone. In addition, it helps to identify the aspects of damage within the samples and helps to recognize the visibility of fossils clearly [15].…”

Section: Optical Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This examination was performed to detect the element contents of collected archaeological limestone samples. Images were acquired in backscattered mode (SSD, LFD, BSED), the accelerating voltage was 25 kV in the magnification range of 80 to 3000x [15,18,19].…”

Section: Scanning Electron Microscopymentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Deterioration Process in Exposed Carved Limestone False Door of Abusir Archaeological Area

et al. 2021

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Carved limestone false door dating back to the late Sixth Dynasty or the First Intermediate Period in Abusir archaeological area suffers from many physiochemical and mechanical deterioration factors, which lead to various deterioration phenomena, such as distort the carvings, decorations, the disappearance of paint, cracks in different depths, and salt calcification. It was found in the fill of Shaft 5 in the tomb AS 79 at Abusir South, Excav. No. 9/AS79/2015 and located in the storeroom of Czech Excavation in Abusir area. The current work aims to study the type of limestone which the false door is made of, and to know if there were colors on the false door or not, also to know if there were deterioration mechanisms that affect the carved limestone false doors of Abusir to evaluate the deterioration ratio in stone structure and the effects of surrounding environmental factors on stone. The investigation and characterization processes of archaeological limestone samples were carried out by polarizing microscopy (PLM), optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX) micro-analysis system, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results revealed that the limestone material of the false door belongs to micrite limestone with very fine grains and needs to be conserved.

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“…Further, pigments of haematite (α‐Fe 2 O 3 ) and charcoal black were found, whereas the Egyptian blue pigment was distinguished through the FT‐IR technique. Micro‐Raman spectrometer (using a 785‐nm laser) was used to scan pigments on a cover of Ptolemaic wooden coffin at the Egyptian Museum of Cairo 8 . Pigment materials of Egyptian blue, red ochre and green earth were ascertained on painted wall reliefs from the temple of Ptolemy XII in Sohag, Upper Egypt 9 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Micro-Raman spectrometer (using a 785-nm laser) was used to scan pigments on a cover of Ptolemaic wooden coffin at the Egyptian Museum of Cairo. 8 Pigment materials of Egyptian blue, red ochre and green earth were ascertained on painted wall reliefs from the temple of Ptolemy XII in Sohag, Upper Egypt. 9 In a recent contribution performed on a Ptolemaic cartonnage in the La Plata Museum (Argentina), significant alterations of the Egyptian blue pigment were reported by highresolution x-ray photoemission spectroscopy.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Unveiling the chromatic palette used for mural paintings in a recently discovered Ptolemaic‐era tomb (Sohag, Upper Egypt): A multitechnique surface investigation

Mahmoud

El-yamin

2020

Surface & Interface Analysis

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In 2019, an exceptional Ptolemaic-era tomb was discovered in Al-Diabat archaeological site, Sohag, Upper Egypt. Numerous fallen painted fragments in the floor of tomb were collected and studied. The microstructural and chemical makeup of samples was discerned by virtue of a field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) with an energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectrometry. Further, the molecularvibrational property was acknowledged by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) and micro-Raman (μ-Raman) spectrometers. Also, the crystalline structure of stone and plaster samples was defined by x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The results have demonstrated that the murals were implemented on a thick mud plaster followed by a thin preparation layer, which, unusually, was made of calcite. Gypsum was also detected in variable quantity throughout the render samples. Colouring substances of Egyptian blue, green earth, red ochre, yellow ochre and carbon black were recognized in the studied murals. Besides, maghemite (γFe 2 O 3) was disclosed in the red pigment sample. Unexpectedly, gold was detected in the yellow paint areas, possibly associated with a religious tradition. As well, the recognition of an organic binder (probably egg yolk) nominates the application of tempera technique. Noteworthy, this research contributes in presenting significant findings on painting materials used in unusual rock-cut tomb from the Ptolemaic era.

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Identification of materials used in a wooden coffin lid covered with composite layers dating back to the Ptolemaic period in Egypt

Cited by 7 publications

References 27 publications

Examination and Analysis of a Painted Wooden Funerary Stela From the Late Period at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo

Examination and Analysis of a Painted Wooden Funerary Stela From the Late Period at the Egyptian Museum in Cairo

Assessment of Deterioration Process in Exposed Carved Limestone False Door of Abusir Archaeological Area

Unveiling the chromatic palette used for mural paintings in a recently discovered Ptolemaic‐era tomb (Sohag, Upper Egypt): A multitechnique surface investigation

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