Identification of Malaria Species by Elisa in Sporozoite and Oocyst Infected Anopheles from Western Kenya

Beier, Magda S.; Schwartz, Ira K.; Beier, John C.; Perkins, Peter V.; Onyango, Fred K.; Koros, Joseph K.; Campbell, G. G.; Andrysiak, Patricia M.; Brandling-Bennett, A. D.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1988.39.323

Cited by 45 publications

(28 citation statements)

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“…The comparative figure for humans in Kenya, as cited by Beier et al (1988), refers to a 1980-1983 study of 36 villages in the Saradidi region (Spencer et al 1987); the entomological study by Beier et al (1988) took place in 1986 in 2 of these villages, whereas that of Beier et al (1991Beier et al ( ) took place in 1987Beier et al ( -1988 in the same villages. The 2 complete sets of Thai figures (Rosenberg et al 1990a, b) apply to the 1st and 2nd yr of a village study; in each year the prevalence of mixed-species infections in mosquitoes fit the hypothesis of the statistical independence of the species, whereas that in humans was less than half the expected value.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mixed-Species Plasmodium Infections of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae)

McKenzie

Bossert

1997

Journal of Medical Entomology

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Mixed-pathogen infections of vectors rarely are considered in the epidemiological literature, although they may occur in nature. A review of published reports shows that many Anopheles species are capable of carrying sporozoites of > 1 plasmodium species, of doing so simultaneously in field conditions, and of acquiring and transmitting these in experimental situations. Mixed-species infections in mosquito populations occur at frequencies greater than or equal to the product of the constituent species prevalences, whereas human populations have apparent mixed-species infections at frequencies less than or equal to their corresponding expected values. We present a model for the accumulation of parasite infections over the lifespan of a mosquito that explains this surplus of mixedspecies infections. However, the expected frequencies of mixed infections on the basis of our model are greater than those found in nature, indicating that the sampling by mosquitoes of Plasmodium species from human malaria infections may not be random. KeywordsAnopheles spp; Plasmodium spp; malaria transmission; parasite ecologyThe Pioneering studies of parasite community dynamics have focused on helminths (e.g., Schad 1963, Kennedy 1975, Holmes 1983, Esch et al. 1990. Recently Dobson (1985Dobson ( , 1990 and Dobson and Roberts (1994) have stressed the role of species life-histories in structuring helminth communities and have extended the general ecological principle that as a constituent species becomes more aggregated in its distribution, the relative importance of interspecific competition declines in its population regulation. Although data on the aggregation of Plasmodium species in Anopheles is essentially anecdotal, its variability indicates that Plasmodium species interactions may warrant more concerted investigation.In mixed-species malaria infections of humans, one of the constituent Plasmodium species typically dominates (e.g., Mayne and Young 1938, Molineaux and Grammicia 1980, Looareesuwan et al. 1987, Fox and Strickland 1989. Cohen (1973) analyzed the epidemiological literature and reported a general deficit of detectable mixed-species infections, associated this deficit with splenomegaly, and inferred an underlying heterologous immunity. Hence, the excess of mixed-species infections found during the Carlo project was unexpected, but it also was interpreted as representing species interactions of predominantly cooperative (Cohen and Singer 1979) or predominantly competitive (Molineaux and Grammicia 1980) character. Richie (1988) emphasized competitive interactions in an evolutionary context, suggesting that co-infections promote antigenic divergence, but also proposed a role for mutual facilitation in the ecological succession of Plasmodium species within a mammalian host.Neither the interactions of pathogen species within vectors or the pathogen sampling processes embodied in human-vector contacts have received much attention in the infectious-disease NIH Public Access (Turell et al. 1984, Paulson et al. 1992, V...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mixed-Species Plasmodium Infections of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae)

McKenzie

Bossert

1997

Journal of Medical Entomology

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“…Although there are an increasing number of studies that use PCR diagnosis of P. malariae and P. ovale infections in human blood samples, the diagnosis of sporozoite infections in mosquitoes still relies almost exclusively on ELISA-based dectection of circumsporozoite protein (CSP) [64]. Unfortunately, recent analysis of the available CSP ELISA showed the test to have insufficient sensitivity to detect infections with low numbers of P. malariae sporozoites [65].…”

Section: Improved Diagnosis Of P Malariae and P Ovale Infections Bymentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale – the ‘bashful’ malaria parasites

Müeller

Zimmerman

Reeder

2007

Trends in Parasitology

266

245

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Although Plasmodium malariae was first described as an infectious disease of humans by Golgi in 1886 and Plasmodium ovale identified by Stevens in 1922, there are still large gaps in our knowledge of the importance of these infections as causes of malaria in different parts of the world. They have traditionally been thought of as mild illnesses that are caused by rare and, in case of P. ovale, short-lived parasites. However, recent advances in sensitive PCR diagnosis are causing a re-evaluation of this assumption. Low-level infection seems to be common across malaria-endemic areas, often as complex mixed infections. The potential interactions of P. malariae and P. ovale with Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax might explain some basic questions of malaria epidemiology, and understanding these interactions could have an important influence on the deployment of interventions such as malaria vaccines. Geographical distributionAlthough distribution of Plasmodium malariae infection is reported as being patchy, it has been observed in all major malaria-endemic regions of the world [1]. P. malariae infections are most common in sub-Saharan Africa and the southwest Pacific, where age-specific prevalence in mass blood surveys have exceeded 15-30% [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. By contrast, when P. malariae has been detected in malaria-endemic regions of Asia [9][10][11][12], the Middle East [13], South America [14] and Central America [15], it is observed as an infrequent infection, with blood-smear light microscopy (LM) prevalence rarely exceeding 1-2%. Much higher levels of infection were, however, found in montagnard refugees from the Cambodian-Vietnamese border [16]. In South America, P. malariae is thought to be a zoonotic infection because the genetically identical Plasmodium brasilianum infects new-world monkeys [17] and both monkeys and humans in endemic areas show high levels of seropositivity to P. malariae and P. brasilianum antigens [18].Plasmodium ovale was thought to have a much more limited distribution, with endemic transmission traditionally described as being limited to areas of tropical Africa, New Guinea, the eastern parts of Indonesia and the Philippines [19,20]. Infections with P. ovale, however, have also been reported in the Middle East [13], the Indian subcontinent [21] and different parts of Southeast Asia [11,22,23]. In West Africa (and to a lesser extent Central Africa), age specific LM prevalence of >10% have been observed [3,6] places where P. ovale is observed, it is relatively uncommon and its prevalence (as detected by LM) rarely exceeds 3-5% [22,[24][25][26].Indepth descriptions of the epidemiology of both infections based upon LM data are, thus, restricted almost exclusively to highly endemic areas in Africa and the Southwest Pacific. Detailed epidemiological studies from South America and Asia are lacking. Variation in parasite prevalenceIn West Africa, P. malariae prevalence has been reported to peak at ages similar to those of P. falciparum (i.e. in children under ten years of...

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“…Los resultados se leyeron en un lector de ELISA con filtro de 405 nm, después de 30 minutos o una hora. Como punto de corte se usó el doble del promedio de los negativos, el cual ha sido encontrado como el más confiable en evaluaciones de campo (30). Los individuos positivos en una primera ELISA, se confirmaron en una segunda ELISA.…”

Section: Pcr-rflp: Los Mosquitos Adultos Hembra Identificados Morfolóunclassified

Especies de Anopheles presentes en el departamento del Putumayo y su infección natural con Plasmodium

et al. 2012

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Contribución de los autores:Lorena I. Orjuela participó en el trabajo de laboratorio, análisis de datos, revisión de resultados y elaboración del manuscrito. Manuela Herrera hizo la secuenciación de ITS-2 y COI de los especímenes. Holmes Erazo recolectó los especímenes en campo, y apoyó la clasificación en series e isofamilias. Martha L. Quiñones orientó el trabajo en campo y laboratorio, participó en el análisis de datos, en la revisión de resultados y en la elaboración del manuscrito. ARTÍCULO ORIGINAL

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Identification of Malaria Species by Elisa in Sporozoite and Oocyst Infected Anopheles from Western Kenya

Cited by 45 publications

References 0 publications

Mixed-Species Plasmodium Infections of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae)

Mixed-Species Plasmodium Infections of Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae)

Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale – the ‘bashful’ malaria parasites

Especies de Anopheles presentes en el departamento del Putumayo y su infección natural con Plasmodium

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