Identification of Lucas's α excitability

Rushton, W. A. H.

doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1932.sp002903

Cited by 23 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…For any external stimulation of skeletal muscle, electrical insulation between the muscle fibers results in the need for individual stimulation of each muscle fiber or each motor neuron, as well as concurrent stimulation of all motor units to induce maximum force. Thus, direct electrical stimulation of the muscle fibers requires a large amount of energy [28,53,120], which leads to the generation of toxic gases [94], as well as the co-activation of nociceptive nerves, cutaneous mechanoreceptors, and adjacent muscles. Hence, direct electrical stimulation elicits painful sensations and non-specific movements, which makes it unsuitable for clinical use [53].…”

Section: Electrical Stimulation Of Skeletal Musclementioning

confidence: 99%

Towards the clinical translation of optogenetic skeletal muscle stimulation

Gundelach

Hüser

Beutner

et al. 2020

Pflugers Arch - Eur J Physiol

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Paralysis is a frequent phenomenon in many diseases, and to date, only functional electrical stimulation (FES) mediated via the innervating nerve can be employed to restore skeletal muscle function in patients. Despite recent progress, FES has several technical limitations and significant side effects. Optogenetic stimulation has been proposed as an alternative, as it may circumvent some of the disadvantages of FES enabling cell type–specific, spatially and temporally precise stimulation of cells expressing light-gated ion channels, commonly Channelrhodopsin2. Two distinct approaches for the restoration of skeletal muscle function with optogenetics have been demonstrated: indirect optogenetic stimulation through the innervating nerve similar to FES and direct optogenetic stimulation of the skeletal muscle. Although both approaches show great promise, both have their limitations and there are several general hurdles that need to be overcome for their translation into clinics. These include successful gene transfer, sustained optogenetic protein expression, and the creation of optically active implantable devices. Herein, a comprehensive summary of the underlying mechanisms of electrical and optogenetic approaches is provided. With this knowledge in mind, we substantiate a detailed discussion of the advantages and limitations of each method. Furthermore, the obstacles in the way of clinical translation of optogenetic stimulation are discussed, and suggestions on how they could be overcome are provided. Finally, four specific examples of pathologies demanding novel therapeutic measures are discussed with a focus on the likelihood of direct versus indirect optogenetic stimulation.

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Section: Electrical Stimulation Of Skeletal Musclementioning

confidence: 99%

Towards the clinical translation of optogenetic skeletal muscle stimulation

Gundelach

Hüser

Beutner

et al. 2020

Pflugers Arch - Eur J Physiol

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“…Lapicque's theory of curarization is opposed by the findings of Lucas (41)(42)(43)(44) and Rushton (52)(53)(54)(55)(56)(57)(58)(59). Lucas found in the toad's sartorius muscle three excitable substances.…”

Section: Chronaxic Interrelationship Of Functional Systemsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Chronaxie.

Wilson¹

1935

Psychological Bulletin

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The effects of the chlorides of potassium, calcium and sodium on the α excitability of muscle

Carleton

Blair

Latchford

1938

J. Cell. Comp. Physiol.

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EIGHT FIGURESIt has been shown (Blair, '32, '35, '38 a ) that the a excitability gives rise to a strength-duration curve which is approximately the same as that obtained from other excitabilities and that it is evidenced by the data of latent addition (Blair, '38 a ) that the kinetics of the excitation process are essentially similar to those of other excitation processes.It seems entirely justifiable therefore, to study the effects of salts on excitability by the a method. The advantage of doing so is that better correlations should be possible as it is quite well established by the work of Rushton ( '30, '32) that the a excitability is not concerned with nerve and therefore, is very probably the excitability of the muscle substance and more is known about the distribution of, and the effects of, salts in muscle than in nerve. The purpose of the present paper is to present a study of the effects of various concentrations of KC1, CaCl, and NaCl in Ringer's solution on the a excitability of the frog's sartorius muscle. It has been shown by Blair ( '36, '37, '38 a ) that the strength-duration curve of frog's nerve and of frog's muscle are represented fairly well by the equation in which V is the strength of the stimulus, t its duration, R is the rheobase, and the remaining terms are constants. The term in e-"' is vanishingly small f o r all or most of the durations ordinarily used so that equation 1 reduces to v K + lia log -__ = kt + log -~ -V -R T< K + kn Therefore the two 'constants k and K determine, along with the rheobase R, most sets of data completely so that they express all the information obtainable from these strength-duration curves. 223 1934 VOI. 4, pp. 341-349. V O~. 70, pp. 317-337.pp. 433443.

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Identification of Lucas's α excitability

Cited by 23 publications

References 6 publications

Towards the clinical translation of optogenetic skeletal muscle stimulation

Towards the clinical translation of optogenetic skeletal muscle stimulation

Chronaxie.

The effects of the chlorides of potassium, calcium and sodium on the α excitability of muscle

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