Identification of lipidic binding media in plasterwork decorations from the Alhambra using GC–MS and chemometrics: Influence of pigments and aging

Llorent‐Martínez, Eulogio J.; Domínguez‐Vidal, Ana; Rubio-Domene, Ramón; Pascual-Reguera, M. I.; Ruiz-Medina, A.; Ayora‐Cañada, María José

doi:10.1016/j.microc.2014.02.001

Cited by 14 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Drying oils traditionally used as paint binders before 20 th century can be identified based on palmitic to stearic acids concentrations ratio (P/S) . This approach was used here to differentiate between linseed, walnut, and poppy seed oil in the samples from historical paints .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of proteins, drying oils, waxes and resins in the works of art micro‐samples by chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques

Witkowski

Duchnowicz

Ganeczko

et al. 2017

J of Separation Science

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Simplified method for simultaneous identification of proteins, drying oils, waxes, and resins in the works-of-art samples was developed. Liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry were used to identify natural materials most frequently encountered in historical paintings. Protein binders were extracted with ammonia and purified using miniaturized solid-phase microextraction (Omix tips) to efficiently suppress matrix interferences. Zwitterionic stationary phase was used for separation of 16 underivatized amino acids analysis with hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography that was subsequently quantified with liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry was used to analyze drying oils, waxes, and resins after one-step saponification/transmethylation with (m-trifluoromethylphenyl)trimethylammonium hydroxide (Meth-Prep II). While the drawback of this reagent is low reactivity towards hydroxyl groups, sample pretreatment was much simpler as compared to the other methods. Fatty acids derivatization with the Meth-Prep II reagent was compared with their silylation using N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide/trimethylchlorosilane mixture. It was concluded that fatty acids analysis as their methyl esters instead of trimethylsilyl esters had a minor impact on the method sensitivity. The developed method was used to analyze samples from 16 and 17 century historical paintings.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of proteins, drying oils, waxes and resins in the works of art micro‐samples by chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques

Witkowski

Duchnowicz

Ganeczko

et al. 2017

J of Separation Science

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“…At the present time, unlike with oil binders, [24,30,31] we do not have much information about the ageing processes of proteinaceous materials that occur in artworks. The degradation of proteins is supposed to involve the oxidation (cysteine, methionine and tryptophan) and deamination (asparagine and glutamine) of amino acids, [32] N-terminal carbamylation and also microbiological activity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the identification of organic compounds that are in the minority present in artworks is still challenging, which is why many analytical methods are used [e.g. gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC–MS), pyrolysis–gas chromatography, liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation – time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS), enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry] . While VIS‐spectrometry can be performed with no sample consumption and can only identify most lakes or dyes but not binder, other analyses of organic materials require sampling.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), pyrolysis-gas chromatography, liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisationtime of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry]. [24][25][26][27][28][29] While VIS-spectrometry can be performed with no sample consumption and can only identify most lakes or dyes but not binder, other analyses of organic materials require sampling. These are complicated by the low amounts (tenths of milligrammes or less) of heterogeneous sample (multi-layered systems), the presence of inorganic matrices, mixtures of organic materials (oils, proteins, resins and polysaccharides), and by the degradation products of the organic constituents themselves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The changes induced by ageing for some types of organic materials themselves (e.g. the polymerization of oils, oxidation/deamidation of proteins and the Maillard reaction) have been recognized, but there is also a lack of literature relating to the interference between organic lakes and proteinaceous binders. The fading process of organic lakes caused mainly by photodegradation has been described, but the question is whether such unstable organic dyes interact with proteins, and are there any degradative processes present that might worsen the identification of proteinaceous binders?…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of mass spectrometric data using principal component analysis for determination of the effects of organic lakes on protein binder identification

et al. 2015

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Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry is commonly used for the identification of proteinaceous binders and their mixtures in artworks. The determination of protein binders is based on a comparison between the m/z values of tryptic peptides in the unknown sample and a reference one (egg, casein, animal glues etc.), but this method has greater potential to study changes due to ageing and the influence of organic/inorganic components on protein identification. However, it is necessary to then carry out statistical evaluation on the obtained data. Before now, it has been complicated to routinely convert the mass spectrometric data into a statistical programme, to extract and match the appropriate peaks. Only several 'homemade' computer programmes without user-friendly interfaces are available for these purposes. In this paper, we would like to present our completely new, publically available, non-commercial software, ms-alone and multiMS-toolbox, for principal component analyses of MALDI-TOF MS data for R software, and their application to the study of the influence of heterogeneous matrices (organic lakes) for protein identification. Using this new software, we determined the main factors that influence the protein analyses of artificially aged model mixtures of organic lakes and fish glue, prepared according to historical recipes that were used for book illumination, using MALDI-TOF peptide mass mapping.

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Revealing the composition of organic materials in polychrome works of art: the role of mass spectrometry-based techniques

et al. 2016

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The most recent advances in the identification and determination of organic constituents in paintings and other polychrome objects using mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques are reviewed. The latest achievements in gas chromatography (GC)-MS and pyrolysis (Py-) GC-MS are mainly related to sample pretreatment protocols and to the employment of double-shot or laser desorption pyrolysis, respectively. MS techniques based on soft ionization methods such as matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) are discussed. So far, MALDI and ESI MS have been mainly used in the characterization of proteinaceous materials, but further applications are definitely emerging, e.g., in the fields of lipids, resins, and organic colorants analysis. Chemical imaging by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF SIMS), formerly applied to the detection and localization of lipid binders and inorganic materials, has been recently extended to proteins. Finally, the potential of niche techniques such as direct temperature resolved mass spectrometry (DTMS) and direct analysis in real time (DART) MS are outlined.

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Identification of lipidic binding media in plasterwork decorations from the Alhambra using GC–MS and chemometrics: Influence of pigments and aging

Cited by 14 publications

References 29 publications

Identification of proteins, drying oils, waxes and resins in the works of art micro‐samples by chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques

Identification of proteins, drying oils, waxes and resins in the works of art micro‐samples by chromatographic and mass spectrometric techniques

Evaluation of mass spectrometric data using principal component analysis for determination of the effects of organic lakes on protein binder identification

Revealing the composition of organic materials in polychrome works of art: the role of mass spectrometry-based techniques

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