Identification of Language Learning Beliefs among Saudi EFL Learners

Abstract

It is argued that positive yet realistic beliefs are source of success as language learners whereas negative or unrealistic beliefs can be an impediment to successful language learning. This empirical survey identifies Saudi English as a foreign language (EFL) learners’ beliefs through Beliefs About Language Learning Inventory (BALLI) developed by Horwitz’s (1987). The Arabic version of the questionnaire has been administered and 118 Saudi EFL learners from a Saudi university returned the questionnaire. The research questions set for this survey include what beliefs Saudi EFL learners have towards the difficulty of foreign language learning, foreign language aptitude, the nature of language learning, learning and communication strategies and motivation and expectations for English language learning. The results reveal that the participants bear high English language learning aptitude and believe that it is easier to learn it in childhood. No strong relationship in learning subjects like science and math and English language was reported. The participants also believe that for quick and successful language learning, it is imperative to practice the target language extensively. A positive trend is that Saudi EFL learners have been extremely positive and encouraging towards their chances of achieving communicative competence and do not have any unnecessary inhibition in speaking English.

Haploidentical Stem Cell Transplantation With Posttransplant Cyclophosphamide Therapy vs Other Donor Transplantations in Adults With Hematologic Cancers

“…Reasons for exclusion were pediatric population; lack of direct comparison results; HAPLO group not restricted to patients receiving posttransplant cyclophosphamide; no explicit distinction of control groups into MRD, MUD, or MMUD cohorts; umbilical cord as the only comparator; and nonhematologic cancers. Thirty studies were included in quantitative analyses (Figure 1).…”

“…Study characteristic details are reported in eTable 1 in the Supplement. A total of 22 974 participants were included in the 30 studies . One study was a prospective phase 2 trial, while the remaining 29 studies were retrospective multicenter, registry, or single-center studies.…”

“…All-cause mortality was assessed in all 30 studies at 18 to 49 months’ follow-up . The overall pooled OR was 1.06 (95% CI, 0.99-1.15; P = .10) with no relevant heterogeneity ( I 2 = 11%) (eFigure 2 in the Supplement).…”

“…Nonrelapse mortality was assessed in 28 studies (20 862 patients) . The pooled OR was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.75-1.03; P = .11) (Figure 2) with observed heterogeneity ( I 2 = 60%).…”

“…Relapse was assessed in 29 studies comprising 22 681 patients . The overall pooled OR was 1.09 (95% CI, 0.98-1.21; P = .11) (Figure 3).…”