Identification of internal faults in power transformer using symmetrical components and Park's plots

Application of Park's power components to the differential protection of three-phase transformers

“…The application of the space vector theory to the differential protection and/or on-line condition monitoring of power transformers has been recently reported in the literature [24][25][26][27]44]. The Park's power components technique has also been successfully used to diagnose AC motor faults [45,46].…”

“…Not surprisingly, a significant amount of research work has been devoted over the last decades to solve the inrush/fault discrimination dilemma of the transformer differential protection. Several solutions have been proposed in this context, including the refinement of the traditional harmonic restrain methods [14][15][16][17], the development and exploration of new trip and restrain signals [10,[12][13][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31], the use of wave-shape recognition methods [32][33][34], and the application of advanced digital signal processing tools [11,[35][36][37], fuzzy logic and artificial intelligence techniques [31,[38][39][40]. These methods can provide an alternative or improvement to the existing protective relaying functions.…”

Power Transformer Differential Protection Based on Neural Network Principal Component Analysis, Harmonic Restraint and Park's Plots

“…In addition, the new generations of power transformers use low-loss amorphous material in their core, which can produce inrush currents with lower harmonics contents and higher magnitudes [5]. In such cases, some authors have modified the ratio of second harmonic to fundamental restraining criterion by using other ratios defined at a higher frequency [6]. While other researchers proposed hidden Markov's model [7], fuzzy-logic-based techniques [4,8], wave shaped recognition technique [1,9], and also artificial neural networks-(ANNs-) [10,11] based learning pattern approach to get better classification accuracy, low computational burden, and fast response of the relay.…”