Identification of Hypoxia-Related Subtypes, Establishment of Prognostic Models, and Characteristics of Tumor Microenvironment Infiltration in Colon Cancer

Abstract

Background: Immunotherapy is a treatment that can significantly improve the prognosis of patients with colon cancer, but the response to immunotherapy is different in patients with colon cancer because of the heterogeneity of colon carcinoma and the complex nature of the tumor microenvironment (TME). In the precision therapy mode, finding predictive biomarkers that can accurately identify immunotherapy-sensitive types of colon cancer is essential. Hypoxia plays an important role in tumor proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, energy metabolism, and chemotherapy and immunotherapy resistance. Thus, understanding the mechanism of hypoxia-related genes (HRGs) in colon cancer progression and constructing hypoxia-related signatures will help enrich our treatment strategies and improve patient prognosis.Methods: We obtained the gene expression data and corresponding clinical information of 1,025 colon carcinoma patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases, respectively. We identified two distinct hypoxia subtypes (subtype A and subtype B) according to unsupervised clustering analysis and assessed the clinical parameters, prognosis, and TME cell-infiltrating characteristics of patients in the two subtypes. We identified 1,132 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the two hypoxia subtypes, and all patients were randomly divided into the training group (n = 513) and testing groups (n = 512). Following univariate Cox regression with DEGs, we construct the prognostic model (HRG-score) including six genes (S1PR3, ETV5, CD36, FOXC1, CXCL10, and MMP12) through the LASSO–multivariate cox method in the training group. We comprehensively evaluated the sensitivity and applicability of the HRG-score model from the training group and the testing group, respectively. We explored the correlation between HRG-score and clinical parameters, tumor microenvironment, cancer stem cells (CSCs), and MMR status. In order to evaluate the value of the risk model in clinical application, we further analyzed the sensitivity of chemotherapeutics and immunotherapy between the low-risk group and high-risk group and constructed a nomogram for improving the clinical application of the HRG-score.Result: Subtype A was significantly enriched in metabolism-related pathways, and subtype B was significantly enriched in immune activation and several tumor-associated pathways. The level of immune cell infiltration and immune checkpoint-related genes, stromal score, estimate score, and immune dysfunction and exclusion (TIDE) prediction score was significantly different in subtype A and subtype B. The level of immune checkpoint-related genes and TIDE score was significantly lower in subtype A than that in subtype B, indicating that subtype A might benefit from immune checkpoint inhibitors. Finally, an HRG-score signature for predicting prognosis was constructed through the training group, and the predictive capability was validated through the testing group. The survival analysis and correlation analysis of clinical parameters revealed that the prognosis of patients in the high-risk group was significantly worse than that in the low-risk group. There were also significant differences in immune status, mismatch repair status (MMR), and cancer stem cell index (CSC), between the two risk groups. The correlation analysis of risk scores with IC50 and IPS showed that patients in the low-risk group had a higher benefit from chemotherapy and immunotherapy than those in the high-risk group, and the external validation IMvigor210 demonstrated that patients with low risk were more sensitive to immunotherapy.Conclusion: We identified two novel molecular subgroups based on HRGs and constructed an HRG-score model consisting of six genes, which can help us to better understand the mechanisms of hypoxia-related genes in the progression of colon cancer and identify patients susceptible to chemotherapy or immunotherapy, so as to achieve precision therapy for colon cancer.

Unusual Presentation of Thoracic Epidural Ewing Sarcoma in a 20-Year-Old Patient: A Case Report

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A new prognostic model related to tumor microenvironment in colon adenocarcinoma

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Predictive biomarkers of colon cancer immunotherapy: Present and future

“…Transcriptomic profiling of MSI-H/dMMR gastrointestinal tumors showed that hypoxia-related signaling pathways were upregulated in ICI nonresponders ( 76 ). Recently, several studies proposed that hypoxia-related genes can be classified as predicting immune cell infiltration and prognosis of colon cancer patients ( 25 , 28 , 150 ). These genes provide potential therapeutic targets for immunotherapy as well as prognostic biomarkers for colon cancer patients.…”

“…Other potential predictive biomarkers which are proposed in colon cancer immunotherapy include PD-L1 expression level, tumor mutation burden (TMB), tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), gut microbiota, ctDNA, and circulating immune cells ( 20 – 24 ). In addition, relevant indicators that reflect the tumor microenvironment (TME) have also been proposed for use as biomarkers for immunotherapy in colon cancer ( 25 ). Immunoscore and consensus molecular subtypes (CMS) based on immune cells and molecular typing have implications for clinical management and are predictive of prognosis and treatment response in patients with colon cancer ( 26 , 27 ).…”