Identification of hop varieties by gas chromatographic analysis of their essential oils.  Constancy of oil composition under various environmental influences

Likens, S. T.; Nickerson, Gail B.

doi:10.1021/jf60151a009

Cited by 33 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 4 publications

(4 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Particular essential oil profiles have historically been targeted in the genetic improvement of hop [97,98]. While it has long been understood that hop essential oil profiles have a genetic basis [99-102], the genetic control of total essential oil content has not been previously established in hop. QTL have been previously identified for only two individual essential oil components, caryophyllene and farnesene [14], but not for total essential oil content.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative trait loci in hop (Humulus lupulus L.) reveal complex genetic architecture underlying variation in sex, yield and cone chemistry

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

BackgroundHop (Humulus lupulus L.) is cultivated for its cones, the secondary metabolites of which contribute bitterness, flavour and aroma to beer. Molecular breeding methods, such as marker assisted selection (MAS), have great potential for improving the efficiency of hop breeding. The success of MAS is reliant on the identification of reliable marker-trait associations. This study used quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis to identify marker-trait associations for hop, focusing on traits related to expediting plant sex identification, increasing yield capacity and improving bittering, flavour and aroma chemistry.ResultsQTL analysis was performed on two new linkage maps incorporating transferable Diversity Arrays Technology (DArT) markers. Sixty-three QTL were identified, influencing 36 of the 50 traits examined. A putative sex-linked marker was validated in a different pedigree, confirming the potential of this marker as a screening tool in hop breeding programs. An ontogenetically stable QTL was identified for the yield trait dry cone weight; and a QTL was identified for essential oil content, which verified the genetic basis for variation in secondary metabolite accumulation in hop cones. A total of 60 QTL were identified for 33 secondary metabolite traits. Of these, 51 were pleiotropic/linked, affecting a substantial number of secondary metabolites; nine were specific to individual secondary metabolites.ConclusionsPleiotropy and linkage, found for the first time to influence multiple hop secondary metabolites, have important implications for molecular selection methods. The selection of particular secondary metabolite profiles using pleiotropic/linked QTL will be challenging because of the difficulty of selecting for specific traits without adversely changing others. QTL specific to individual secondary metabolites, however, offer unequalled value to selection programs. In addition to their potential for selection, the QTL identified in this study advance our understanding of the genetic control of traits of current economic and breeding significance in hop and demonstrate the complex genetic architecture underlying variation in these traits. The linkage information obtained in this study, based on transferable markers, can be used to facilitate the validation of QTL, crucial to the success of MAS.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative trait loci in hop (Humulus lupulus L.) reveal complex genetic architecture underlying variation in sex, yield and cone chemistry

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In the late 1950s, Howard and Slater recognized that, independent of the country in which the hops were grown, there was a varietal uniformity in the general pattern observed in the composition of the hydrocarbon fraction. A decade later, Likens and Nickerson and Buttery and Ling confirmed that the essential oil of several hop varieties displayed good varietal uniformity in their chemical composition. Likens and Nickerson established that certain components or ratios of components in the hop oil are highly specific for the individual varieties.…”

Section: Hop Essential Oilsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…It has been established that the hop essential oil profile depends on the hop variety. In particular, the amounts of hydrocarbons and oxygenated compounds vary according to the hop variety and age . In the late 1950s, Howard and Slater recognized that, independent of the country in which the hops were grown, there was a varietal uniformity in the general pattern observed in the composition of the hydrocarbon fraction.…”

Section: Hop Essential Oilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Humulus lupulus- a story that begs to be told. A review

Schönberger²,

et al. 2014

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The hop cones of the female plant of the common hop species Humulus lupulus L. are grown almost exclusively for the brewing industry. Only the cones of the female plants are able to secrete the fine yellow resinous powder (i.e. lupulin glands). It is in these lupulin glands that the main brewing principles of hops, the resins and essential oils, are synthesized and accumulated. Hops are of interest to the brewer since they impart the typical bitter taste and aroma to beer and are responsible for the perceived hop character. In addition to the comfortable bitterness and the refreshing hoppy aroma delivered by hops, the hop acids also contribute to the overall microbial stability of beer. Another benefit of the hop resins is that they help enhance and stabilize beer foam and promote foam lacing. In an attempt to understand these contributions, the very complex nature of the chemical composition of hops is reviewed. First, a general overview of the hop chemistry and nomenclature is presented. Then, the different hop resins found in the lupulin glands of the hop cones are discussed in detail. The major hop bitter acids (α-and β-acids) and the latest findings on the absolute configuration of the cis and trans iso-α-acids are discussed. Special attention is given to the hard resins; the known δ-resin is reviewed and the ε-resin is introduced. Recent data on the bittering potential and the antimicrobial properties of both hard resin fractions are disclosed. Attention is also given to the numerous essential oil constituents as well as their contributions to beer aroma. In addition to the aroma contribution of the well-known essential oil compounds, a number of recently identified sulfur compounds and their impact on beer aroma are reviewed. The hop polyphenols and their potential health benefits are also addressed. Subsequently, the importance of hops in brewing is examined and the contributions of hops to beer quality are explained. Finally, the beer and hop market of the last century, as well as the new trends in brewing, are discussed in detail. Hop research is an ever growing field of central importance to the brewing industry, even in areas that are not traditionally associated with hops and brewing. This article attempts to give a general overview of the different areas of hop research while assessing the latest advances in hop science and their impact on brewing.

show abstract

“…Simultaneous steam distillation-extraction in Figure 2, was conducted using a modified Likens-Nickerson apparatus (16). The apparatus consisted of the sample flask (right) where approximately 150g of dried mushrooms from China were added and mechanically stirred with 2.5L of distilled water.…”

Section: Extraction Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Volatile Compounds in Shiitake Mushrooms Using Modern Extraction Techniques

Costa¹,

Eri²,

Turner³

2006

ACS Symposium Series

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Identification of hop varieties by gas chromatographic analysis of their essential oils. Constancy of oil composition under various environmental influences

Cited by 33 publications

References 4 publications

Quantitative trait loci in hop (Humulus lupulus L.) reveal complex genetic architecture underlying variation in sex, yield and cone chemistry

Quantitative trait loci in hop (Humulus lupulus L.) reveal complex genetic architecture underlying variation in sex, yield and cone chemistry

Humulus lupulus- a story that begs to be told. A review

Identification of Volatile Compounds in Shiitake Mushrooms Using Modern Extraction Techniques

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About