Identification of Dust-Borne Odors in Swine Confinement Facilities

Hammond, Earl G.; Fedler, Clifford B.; Junk, Gregor A.

doi:10.13031/2013.35180

Cited by 45 publications

(36 citation statements)

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“…Specifically, the findings indicate a lower VFA/p-cresol ratio than found in other works, such as Hammond et al 11 It is likely that this discrepancy is a result of the Carboxen/PDMS fiber used preferentially extracting p-cresol over low molecular weight VFAs. As such, extraction would be biased toward high molecular weight compounds, such as pcresol, as opposed to low molecular weight VFAs.…”

Section: Potential Causes Of Errorcontrasting

confidence: 44%

“…Glass jars were also prepared to store the samples once they had been collected. Glass jars, metal rings and lids, and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) 4 1984 Solvent extraction GC-MS, GC-O 31 Willig et al 18 2004 SPE GC-FID, HPLC-fluorescence 12 Zahn et al 6 2001 Thermal desorption GC-MS-sensory panel 22 Rabaud et al 17 2003 Thermal desorption GC-MS 35 Hammond et al 11 1979 Solvent extraction GC-FID 35 (in PM) Hammond et al 10 1981 Solvent extraction GC-FID 19 (in PM)…”

Section: Experimental Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Day et al 9 reported that most of the swine odor was carried on particulate matter (PM). Hammond et al 10,11 concluded that PM plays a crucial role in transporting and magnifying swine odor. Razote et al 12 identified 84 compounds in swine barn PM.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of Livestock Odors Using Steel Plates, Solid-Phase Microextraction, and Multidimensional Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry–Olfactometry

Bulliner

Kozieł

Cai

et al. 2006

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Livestock operations are associated with emissions of odor, gases, and particulate matter (PM). Livestock odor characterization is one of the most challenging analytical tasks. This is because odor-causing gases are often present at very low concentrations in a complex matrix of less important or irrelevant gases. The objective of this project was to develop a set of characteristic reference odors from a swine barn in Iowa and, in the process, identify compounds causing characteristic swine odor. Odor samples were collected using a novel sampling methodology consisting of clean steel plates exposed inside and around the swine barn for Յ1 week. Steel plates were then transported to the laboratory and stored in clean jars. Headspace solid-phase microextraction was used to extract characteristic odorants collected on the plates. All of the analyses were conducted on a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry system where the human nose is used as a detector simultaneously with chemical analysis via mass spectrometry. Multidimensional chromatography was used to isolate and identify chemicals with high-characteristic swine odor. The effects of sampling time, distance from a source, and the presence of PM on the abundance of specific gases, odor intensity, and odor character were tested. Steel plates were effectively able to collect key volatile compounds and odorants. The abundance of specific gases and odor was amplified when plates collected PM. The results of this research indicate that PM is major carrier of odor and several key swine odorants. Three odor panelists were consistent in identifying p-cresol as closely resembling characteristic swine odor, as well as attributing to p-cresol the largest odor response out of the samples. Further research is warranted to determine how the control of PM emissions from swine housing could affect odor emissions.

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Section: Potential Causes Of Errorcontrasting

confidence: 44%

Section: Experimental Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of Livestock Odors Using Steel Plates, Solid-Phase Microextraction, and Multidimensional Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry–Olfactometry

Bulliner

Kozieł

Cai

et al. 2006

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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“…Hammond et al reported that all odors were removed from an air stream if a dust filter of 0.8 µm was used to remove particulate matter. 15 In addition, Hammond et al observed that gaseous odors were adsorbed to the particle filter, which typically constituted about half of the total odors. 16 Moreover, butyric acid and p-cresol concentrations were reportedly 4 × 10 7 times greater on particulate matter than in ambient air.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wet Scrubber Analysis of Volatile Organic Compound Removal in the Rendering Industry

Kastner

Das

2002

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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The promulgation of odor control rules, increasing public concerns, and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) air regulations in nonattainment zones necessitates the remediation of a wide range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) generated by the rendering industry. Currently, wet scrubbers with oxidizing chemicals are used to treat VOCs; however, little information is available on scrubber efficiency for many of the VOCs generated within the rendering process. Portable gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) units were used to rapidly identify key VOCs on-site in process streams at two poultry byproduct rendering plants. On-site analysis was found to be important, given the significant reduction in peak areas if samples were held for 24 hr before analysis. Major compounds consistently identified in the emissions from the plant included dimethyl disulfide, methanethiol, octane, hexanal, 2-methylbutanal, and 3-methylbutanal. The two branched aldehydes, 2-methylbutanal and 3-methylbutanal, were by far the most consistent, appearing in every sample and typically the largest fraction of the VOC mixture.A chlorinated hydrocarbon, methanesulfonyl chloride, was identified in the outlet of a high-intensity wet scrubber, and several VOCs and chlorinated compounds were identified in the scrubbing solution, but not on a consistent basis. Total VOC concentrations in noncondensable gas streams ranged from 4 to 91 ppmv. At the two plants, the odor-causing compound methanethiol ranged from 25 to 33% and 9.6% of the total VOCs (v/v). In one plant, wet scrubber analysis using chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ) as the oxidizing agent indicated that close to 100% of the methanethiol was removed from the gas phase, but removal efficiencies ranged from 20 to 80% for the aldehydes and hydrocarbons and from 23 to 64% for total VOCs. In the second plant, conversion efficiencies were much lower in a packed-bed wet scrubber, with a measurable removal of only dimethyl sulfide (20-100%). INTRODUCTIONPoultry rendering operations convert organic wastes (feathers, offal, dead birds, blood, hatchery byproducts, etc.) to products such as feed additives and fertilizer. In poultry rendering operations, feathers are typically hydrolyzed in batch mode at 140-150 ºC (276-345 kPa) for 20-45 min to breakdown the keratin, 1 and the meat byproducts or offal are typically treated at 121-135 ºC (172-517 psig) with varying residence times depending on the mode of operation, batch or continuous. 2,3 In some cases, the hydrolyzed feathers are then combined with offal and dried. In both of these steps, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are generated, some of which are odorous. Overhead vapors from the feather hydrolyzer and driers are passed through condensers to remove some VOCs. The noncondensable gases typically are passed through wet scrubber units to remove the VOC fraction not removed in the condensers.

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“…In a study by Cambra-Lopez (Cambra-Lopez, Torres, Aarnink, & Ogink, 2011), several sources of particulate matter from livestock buildings were morphological and chemically characterised (elemental composition) using scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX). The organic content of the particulate matter is high (90%), and consists next to the macro components (fat, protein, carbohydrate) also of sorbed VOC (Bulliner, Koziel, Cai, & Wright, 2006;Cambra-Lopez, Aarnink, Zhao, Calvet, & Torres, 2010;Ciganek & Neca, 2008;Day, Hansen, & Anderson, 1965;Hammond, Fedler, & Junk, 1979;Hartung, 1985). With respect to the latter, it has been suggested by several studies that particulate matter might be important as a transport medium for odour causing VOC (Bottcher, 2001;Cai, Koziel, Lo, & Hoff, 2006;Hammond, Fedler, & Smith, 1981;Oehrl, Keener, Bottcher, Munilla, & Connelly, 2001).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Sorption behaviour of targeted volatile organic compounds on airborne particulate matter using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry

Walgraeve

Bruneel

Huffel

et al. 2015

Biosystems Engineering

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Identification of Dust-Borne Odors in Swine Confinement Facilities

Cited by 45 publications

References 0 publications

Characterization of Livestock Odors Using Steel Plates, Solid-Phase Microextraction, and Multidimensional Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry–Olfactometry

Characterization of Livestock Odors Using Steel Plates, Solid-Phase Microextraction, and Multidimensional Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry–Olfactometry

Wet Scrubber Analysis of Volatile Organic Compound Removal in the Rendering Industry

Sorption behaviour of targeted volatile organic compounds on airborne particulate matter using selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry

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