Identification of Differentially Methylated Genes Associated with Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma and Their Prognostic Values

Abstract

Objective. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a heterogeneous disease comprising histologically defined subtypes among which clear cell RCC (ccRCC) accounts for 70% of all RCC cases. DNA methylation constitutes a main part of the molecular mechanism of cancer evolution and prognosis. In this study, we aim to identify differentially methylated genes related to ccRCC and their prognostic values. Methods. The GSE168845 dataset was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between ccRCC tissues and paired tumor-free kidney tissues. DEGs were submitted to public databases for functional and pathway enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis, promoter methylation analysis, and survival correlation analysis. Results. In the setting of |log2FC| ≥ 2 and adjusted p value <0.05 during differential expression analysis of the GSE168845 dataset, 1659 DEGs between ccRCC tissues and paired tumor-free kidney tissues were sorted out. The most enriched pathways were “T cell activation” and “cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction.” After PPI analysis, 22 hub genes related to ccRCC stood out, among which CD4, PTPRC, ITGB2, TYROBP, BIRC5, and ITGAM exhibited higher methylation levels, and BUB1B, CENPF, KIF2C, and MELK exhibited lower methylation levels in ccRCC tissues compared with paired tumor-free kidney tissues. Among these differentially methylated genes, TYROBP, BIRC5, BUB1B, CENPF, and MELK were significantly correlated with the survival of ccRCC patients ( p < 0.001 ). Conclusion. Our study indicates the DNA methylation of TYROBP, BIRC5, BUB1B, CENPF, and MELK may be promising results for the prognosis of ccRCC.

Prediction of Distant Metastases in Patients with Kidney Cancer Based on Gene Expression and Methylation Analysis

“…Currently, a large number of research groups are focused on studying the molecular mechanisms of metastasis and searching for molecular markers to predict its aggressiveness. The study of gene expression associated with kidney cancer metastasis is one such direction for identifying potential expression-based prognostic markers [ 7 , 8 , 9 ]. Recently, the level of post-transcriptional regulation, a significant part of which is carried out by microRNA (miRNA) molecules, has been actively investigated.…”

Retracted: Identification of Differentially Methylated Genes Associated with Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma and Their Prognostic Values

“…This article has been retracted by Hindawi, as publisher, following an investigation undertaken by the publisher [ 1 ]. This investigation has uncovered evidence of systematic manipulation of the publication and peer-review process.…”