Identification of CPE and GAIT elements in 3’UTR of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) involved in inflammatory response induced by LPS in Ciona robusta

Ciona robusta macrophage migration inhibitory factor (Mif1 and Mif2) genes are differentially regulated in the lipopolysaccharide‐challenged pharynx

“…Exposure to pathogen‐associated molecular patterns, such as gram‐negative lipopolysaccharide (LPS), in the pharynx (haemopoietic tissue) induced an inflammatory reaction, expressing innate immune genes such as cytokines, galectins, mannose binding lectin ( Mbl ) and pentraxin ( Ptx‐like ) (Bonura et al ., 2009; Vizzini et al ., 2012, 2015, 2016, 2021). Recently, it has been shown that Mif paralogs in C. robusta (Mif1 and Mif2 ) are ancestral orthologues of the mammalian Mif superfamily genes and are involved in the inflammatory response in the pharynx (Vizzini et al ., 2018), and a close interplay between Mif cytokines and Nf‐κB signalling has also been shown (Arizza et al ., 2020).…”

“…These data indicate that Mif1 is involved in C. robusta 's immune defence systems against bacterial infection, in agreement with previous observations (Arizza et al ., 2020; Vizzini et al ., 2018); indeed, its transcription was modulated by LPS. Instead, as previously shown, Mif2 has a peculiar 3′‐UTR mRNA Cytoplasmic Polyadenylation Element (CPE) element (Weill et al ., 2012) that is not present in Mif13 ′‐ UTR mRNA (Vizzini et al ., 2018).…”

Transcriptomic and Bioinformatic Analyses Identifying a Central Mif-Cop9-Nf-kB Signaling Network in Innate Immunity Response of Ciona robusta

“…Genes encoding MIF proteins have been found in prokaryotes, vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants [ 5 ]. In the Ascidian Ciona robusta , two macrophage migration inhibitory factor ( Mif ) genes have been identified: Mif-1 and Mif-2 [ 6 ]. C. robusta , the closest living relative of vertebrates, has become a model in various fields of biology, serving as a particularly powerful model for studying innate immunity [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ].…”

Transcriptomic Analyses Reveal 2 and 4 Family Members of Cytochromes P450 (CYP) Involved in LPS Inflammatory Response in Pharynx of Ciona robusta

“…The pharynx (haematopoietic organ) occupies a large part of the adult body and consists of two epithelial monolayers perforated by dorso-ventrally aligned rows of elongated elliptical, ciliated stigmata [26,27] enclosed in a mesh of vessels (also called transversal and longitudinal bars), where the haemolymph, containing abundant mature and immature haemocytes, flows. Recently, C. robusta has become an excellent model for the study of distinct functional categories of immune genes such as effector genes as mannose-binding lectin-like (Mbl-like) [28], galectin-like (Gal-like) [29] and cytokines as interleukins 17 (Il-17) [30], Tumour growth factor (Tgf-ß) [31] and Macrophage migration inhibitory factors (Mif1 and Mif2) [32] that are coordinately and temporally regulated by mechanisms that control transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation. In the C. robusta pharynx, the Tgf-β, Wnt, Hedgehog and FoxO pathways, which are involved in tissue homeostasis, resulted in regulated in an integrated network by different conserved and species-specific miRNAs, pseudogenes and 3 UTR mRNA elements [33].…”