Identification of Citronella Oil Fractions as Efficient Bio-Additive for Diesel Engine Fuel

Fitri, Noor; Riza, Rahmat; Akbari, Muhammad Kurnia; Khonitah, Nada; Fahmi, Rifaldi Lutfi; Fatimah, Is

doi:10.3390/designs6010015

Cited by 7 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…So from the results of the study using two types of fuel, the greatest torque was obtained using Pertamina Dex fuel at 2500 rpm of 68.992 Nm compared to using Biosolar fuel at 2500 rpm only producing a torque of 24.08 Nm. Engine torque in a vehicle can be interpreted as vehicle acceleration, so that peak torque in a vehicle's engine indicates that maximum engine acceleration is occurring [8][9][10]. So that when the driver increases the torque to the maximum value, the driver will feel pushed backwards because the vehicle's speed is very fast.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Biosolar and Pertamina Dex on Power Performance, Torque and Diesel Fuel Consumption

Rudy Hartana,

Harianto,

Wahid Anwar

2023

Journal Technology of Civil, Electrical, Mechanical, Geology, M

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Initially, diesel motor fuel was only diesel, but now there are biodiesel and Pertamina Dex. In order to analyze the performance of a diesel engine, it is necessary to test it using Pertamina Dex and Biosolar. This study used an experimental method with four variations of engine speed, namely 1000 rpm, 2000 rpm, 2500 rpm, and 2500 rpm. The tool used in this research is a type 4JA1 diesel engine, the performance parameters of the diesel engine are power, torque, and specific fuel consumption. The results showed that engine performance using Pertamina Dex fuel was superior to that using biodiesel. The superiority of pertamina dex is the torque at 2500 rpm of 68.992 Nm, the power parameter has increased by 5.246%, while the specific fuel consumption of pertamina dex is 0.132% lower than biodiesel.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Biosolar and Pertamina Dex on Power Performance, Torque and Diesel Fuel Consumption

Rudy Hartana,

Harianto,

Wahid Anwar

2023

Journal Technology of Civil, Electrical, Mechanical, Geology, M

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“…point, then citronellol and geraniol came out last [28]. The cloudy pale yellow color was obtained under the standard of SNI 06-3953-1995 after the separation process.…”

Section: ) Parenchyma (Elongated Appearance) (100×); (C) Sklerenchyma...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Essential Oil Constituents and Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Java Citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus) stem from Bandung, West Java, Indonesia

Haerussana

Chairunnisa

2022

Open Access Maced J Med Sci

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BACKGROUND: Cymbopogon winterianus essential oil contains citral-derived chemicals with a variety of pharmacological effects, although there has been minimal research on pharmacognostic, phytochemical, and biological aspects. AIM: This research aims to evaluate the pharmacognostic and chemical components of C. winterianus stem essential oil. METHODS: The pharmacognostic studies were carried out in terms of macroscopic, microscopic, water content, water extractive values, ethanol extractive values, and essential oil yield. The oil was extracted by ethanol steam distillation method, the oil composition was analyzed by GC-MS. RESULTS: Cymbopogon winterianus stems are 15-35 cm long and 0.5-2 cm broad, with a rough, stiff, and thin texture, with prominent fibers on the top and bottom surfaces. It has a bitter and slightly spicy taste with a distinctive lemony aroma and was greenish yellow in hue with a blend of purplish-red colors. The upper and lower epidermis was examined under a microscope, which revealed sclerenchyma fibers, trichomes, parenchyma, calcium oxalate (rosette), cortex, stem pith, oil cells, stomata (Gramineae type), trachea (ladder and spiral thickening), and collenchyma. The water content was 7.16±0.72%, the water-soluble extractive value was 12.152±0.003%, the ethanol-soluble extractive value was 12.290 ±0.76%, and the essential oil content was 6.46±0.50%. Essential oil constituents were 6-octen-1-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-, formate; trifluoroacetyl-lavandulol; n-hexadecanoic acid; 9,12-octadecadienoic acid (Z,Z)-; oxacyclotetradecane-2,11-dione, 13-methyl-; palmitic acid vinyl ester; glycidyl palmitate; 9,17-Octadecadienal, (Z)-; glycidyl palmitoleate; 1,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)benzene; and cyclotrisiloxane, hexamethyl-. CONCLUSION: The essential oil constituents and preliminary pharmacognostic evaluation of Cymbopogon winterianus stem can provide useful data for further phytochemical analysis, quality control, and standardization of Cymbopogon winterianus. Citronellyl formate detected as citral derivatives as the main compound in the ethanol steam distillation method.

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“…Organoleptic properties (colour, odor and texture) of the Java and Ceylon Citronella oil obtained from the selected accessions were determined. The colour measurements were carried out by direct eye observation at a distance of 30 cm (Fitri et al, 2022) and the observed colours of each oil type ranged between pale yellow to pale brownish yellow as specified in the ISO standard (ISO 3849:2003). The characteristic Citronella oil aroma (strong Citrusy) of each 5 types of oil was sensed at a distance of 5 cm (Fitri et al, 2022) as the odor and the oil from Java Citronella (MP T1 and MP T2) and Ceylon Citronella HP T3 oils have a stronger aroma than HP T1 and HP T2 due to their high Citronellal content (Table 3).…”

Section: Quantity and Quality Of Citronella Oilmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The colour measurements were carried out by direct eye observation at a distance of 30 cm (Fitri et al, 2022) and the observed colours of each oil type ranged between pale yellow to pale brownish yellow as specified in the ISO standard (ISO 3849:2003). The characteristic Citronella oil aroma (strong Citrusy) of each 5 types of oil was sensed at a distance of 5 cm (Fitri et al, 2022) as the odor and the oil from Java Citronella (MP T1 and MP T2) and Ceylon Citronella HP T3 oils have a stronger aroma than HP T1 and HP T2 due to their high Citronellal content (Table 3). According to the physical appearance and texture, each type of oil is an oily and viscous liquid that is volatile in the open atmosphere.…”

Section: Quantity and Quality Of Citronella Oilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of Oil Quality and Antifungal Effect of Selected Citronella Accessions (Cymbopogon nardus, Cymbopogon winterianus) to Formulate an Anti-Dandruff Shampoo

Wijerathna,

Wijeweera,

Wijethunga

et al. 2023

BIOMEDNATPROCH

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Citronella is an aromatic grass of the family Poaceae which can be classified into two categories Ceylon Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) and Java Citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus). The Citronella oil was extracted from five selected Ceylon Citronella (HP T1, HP T2 and HP T3) and Java Citronella (MP T1 and MP T2) accessions using steam distillation and hydrodistillation methods. Citronella oil quantity extracted by hydrodistillation with Xylene from Ceylon Citronella was higher (2.45-2.67 mL/100 g) than the Java Citronella (1.57-1.64 mL/100 g). The oil quantity of Ceylon Citronella (HP T1-5.52 %, HP T2- 1.40 %, HP T3- 1.05 %) and the quantity of Java Citronella (MP T1- 1.25%, MP T2- 1.79%) extracted by hydrodistillation showed a significant difference (P<0.0001) and there was no significant difference (P=0.7055) between the oil quantity of Ceylon (HP T1- 1.07%, HP T2- 1.18 %, HP T3- 1.19%) and Java (MP T1- 1.16%, MP T2- 1.23%) oils extracted by the steam distillation. Both Java and Ceylon Citronella oils showed organoleptic properties with pale yellow to pale brownish yellow colour and a strong citrusy aroma which meets the ISO 3848 and ISO 3849 standards. The oil of Ceylon Citronella accessions showed refractive index (1.465-1.487), relative density (0.893-0.910), and ethanol solubility (1:2 mL) within the ranges specified in SLS 170 standards. Java Citronella oil exhibited the refractive index (1.4660-1.4730), relative density (0.880-0.892), ethanol solubility (1:2 mL), and optical rotation (-5? to 0?) which meets the specifications of ISO 3848 standards. Geraniol, Citronellol, and Citronellal were identified as the major constituents using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) where Java Citronella oil showed high Geraniol content (48.60-49.17%) than Ceylon Citronella oil (16.93-26.49%). All types of tested Citronella oil showed inhibition against Candida albicans where HP T3 (1.9 cm) and MP T1(2.0 cm) oils showed the highest promising antifungal activity among Ceylon oils and Java oils respectively. Therefore, these two oils were selected for the antidandruff shampoo formulation. The two antidandruff shampoo samples were formulated with 2% v/v concentrations of HP T3 and MP T1 Citronella oil which were determined as MIC for the inhibition of C. albicans. Antidandruff shampoo tested against C. albicans showed greater antifungal activity (HP T3 - 2.50.05 cm; MP T1 - 2.50.05 cm) than the crude Citronella oil (HP T3- 1.90.11 cm; MP T1-2.00.1 cm), also attained the organoleptic and physical properties such as pH (4.0-8.0), foam height (>100 mL), dirt dispersion (no ink in foam), viscosity, low wetting time and solid content (HP T3-14.750.12%; MP T2-12.330.19%) in acceptable specification range. This study exhibits that Ceylon Citronella oil HP T1 has the highest oil quantity from all selected accessions. Hydrodistillation can be used to extract high oil quantity than the steam distillation method from both Java and Ceylon Citronella types. Compared to Ceylon Citronella oil, Java oil has significant potential industrial applications with high Geraniol content and with the highest antifungal activity against C. albicans. Also, the tested Citronella oil of all selected accessions of both Java and Ceylon types meet the organoleptic and physiochemical requirements specified by the ISO and SLS quality standards with excellent antifungal activity against C. albicans, which provides prospective to use Citronella oil as a natural, safe, and eco-friendly fungicide in future product formulations.

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Identification of Citronella Oil Fractions as Efficient Bio-Additive for Diesel Engine Fuel

Cited by 7 publications

References 28 publications

The Effect of Biosolar and Pertamina Dex on Power Performance, Torque and Diesel Fuel Consumption

The Effect of Biosolar and Pertamina Dex on Power Performance, Torque and Diesel Fuel Consumption

Essential Oil Constituents and Pharmacognostic Evaluation of Java Citronella (Cymbopogon winterianus) stem from Bandung, West Java, Indonesia

Determination of Oil Quality and Antifungal Effect of Selected Citronella Accessions (Cymbopogon nardus, Cymbopogon winterianus) to Formulate an Anti-Dandruff Shampoo

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