Identification of bull protamine disulfides

Balhorn, Rod; Corzett, Michele; Mazrimas, J.A.; Watkins, Bruce E.

doi:10.1021/bi00215a026

Cited by 76 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(11 reference statements)

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“…However, with a more refined approach using chromomycin A3 as a probe and cytometry to evaluate sperm DNA condensation, we did observe some differences. As expected (32,33), spermatozoa DNA condensation was found to be higher in sperm cells from cauda epididymidis than in those from caput epididymidis ( Figure 3C). This was also the case in Gpx5-null mice, although to a lesser extent.…”

Section: Gpx5 Ko Mouse Generation and Screening As Shown Insupporting

confidence: 77%

Epididymis seleno-independent glutathione peroxidase 5 maintains sperm DNA integrity in mice

Chabory¹,

Damon²,

Lenoir³

et al. 2009

J. Clin. Invest.

144

173

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The mammalian epididymis provides sperm with an environment that promotes their maturation and protects them from external stresses. For example, it harbors an array of antioxidants, including non-conventional glutathione peroxidase 5 (GPX5), to protect them from oxidative stress. To explore the role of GPX5 in the epididymis, we generated mice that lack epididymal expression of the enzyme. Histological analyses of Gpx5 -/-epididymides and sperm cells revealed no obvious defects. Furthermore, there were no apparent differences in the fertilization rate of sexually mature Gpx5 -/-male mice compared with WT male mice. However, a higher incidence of miscarriages and developmental defects were observed when WT female mice were mated with Gpx5-deficient males over 1 year old compared with WT males of the same age. Flow cytometric analysis of spermatozoa recovered from Gpx5-null and WT male mice revealed that sperm DNA compaction was substantially lower in the cauda epididymides of Gpx5-null animals and that they suffered from DNA oxidative attacks. Real-time PCR analysis of enzymatic scavengers expressed in the mouse epididymis indicated that the cauda epididymidis epithelium of Gpx5-null male mice mounted an antioxidant response to cope with an excess of ROS. These observations suggest that GPX5 is a potent antioxidant scavenger in the luminal compartment of the mouse cauda epididymidis that protects spermatozoa from oxidative injuries that could compromise their integrity and, consequently, embryo viability.

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Section: Gpx5 Ko Mouse Generation and Screening As Shown Insupporting

confidence: 77%

Epididymis seleno-independent glutathione peroxidase 5 maintains sperm DNA integrity in mice

Chabory¹,

Damon²,

Lenoir³

et al. 2009

J. Clin. Invest.

144

173

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“…This result is of great interest, if we consider that the hystones are progressively substituted during the spermiogenesis by the unique sperm-proteins protamines. In mammals these proteins are rich in cysteine residues, whose oxidation is crucial for the correct assembly and condensation of the mature sperm cell chromatin (73). The protaminedependent compactness and resilience of the DNA make it particularly resistant to DNase action, thus protecting it until the proper enzymatic events allow the decondensation and the fusion with the oocyte DNA.…”

Section: Enzymatic Scavenger Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lipoperoxidation damage of spermatozoa polyunsaturated fatty acids PUFA scavenger mechanisms and possible scavenger therapies

Lenzi¹

2000

Front Biosci

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The lipid metabolism in sperm cells is important both as one of the main sources for energy production and for cell structure. The double leaflets of the membrane should be considered not simply as a passive lipid film, but as a very specialized structure. The complete maturation of the sperm cell membrane is attained after testicular lipid biosynthetic processes and after passage through the epididymis. A special composition of membrane phospholipids, rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and the different composition of sperm and immature germ cell membrane are described and discussed.Testis germ cells as well as epididymal maturing spermatozoa are endowed with enzymatic and nonenzymatic scavenger systems to prevent lipoperoxidative damage. Catalase, superoxide dismutase and GSHdependent oxidoreductases are present in variable amounts in the different developmental stages. Phospholipid hydroperoxide GSH peroxidase (PHGPx) activity and alpha tochopherol of epididymal spermatozoa are considered in detail. Their distribution and roles in caput and cauda epididymal sperm cells are discussed.Seminal plasma also has a highly specialized scavenger system that defends the sperm membrane against lipoperoxidation and the degree of PUFA insaturation acts to achieve the same goal. Systemic predisposition and a number of pathologies can lead to an anti-oxidant/prooxidant disequilibrium. Scavengers, such as GSH, can be used to treat these cases as they can restore the physiological constitution of PUFA in the cell membrane. The results of GSH therapy are presented and discussed. PHOSPHOLIPIDS OF THE SPERM PLASMA MEMBRANE: THEIR PHYSIOLOGY AND ROLE Preliminary remarksSperm membranes play a very active role in sperm fertilization capacity and in sperm-oocyte cross talk, and its biochemical constitution is one of the main field of interest in the study of sperm physiology and pathology. Spermatozoa are polarized cells with structurally and functionally distinct domains. The two leaflets in the membrane of the cap region, overlying the acrosomal vesicle are the domains sensitive to the capacitation stimuli (1). When the various steps of capacitation have induced an increase in the fluidity of the cap region, a fusogenic process, which possesses already the structural premise, starts between this membrane and the outer acrosomal vesicle membrane. The final event consists in the formation of pores that allow a dispersion of the acrosomal enzymes acrosine and hyaluronidase. A

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“…Results have revealed a progressive reduction 'Present address: Department of Biological Sciences, Box 5640, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA. in dye binding reflecting the increased condensation of the chromatin (Ringertz et al, 1970;Rod¬ man et al, 1979;Wagner & Minhas, 1982;Gledhill, 1985). The progressive oxidation of sulfhydryl groups in protamines (Bedford & Calvin, 1974;Saowaros & Panyim, 1979;Pelliciari et al, 1983;Shalgi et al, 1989;Balhorn et al, 1991) has also been suggested to assist in this compaction, although the precise manner in which this is accomplished in maturing spermatozoa is unknown.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative fluorometry of abnormal mouse sperm nuclei

Pogany¹,

Balhorn²

1992

Reproduction

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Summary. An extensive quantitative analysis of deformed mouse spermatozoa was undertaken. Improvements over previous studies included the isolation and purification of sperm nuclei, a multifaceted analytical approach using several fluorochromes and the analysis of individual nuclei classified into shape categories.Malformed sperm nuclei in BALB/c mice could not be distinguished from normal ones in terms of total and basic proteins, sulfhydryl and disulfide group concentration, DNA concentration and chromatin organization. The shape of sperm nuclei is therefore probably determined by the manner in which the internal biochemical components are assembled.

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Identification of bull protamine disulfides

Cited by 76 publications

References 17 publications

Epididymis seleno-independent glutathione peroxidase 5 maintains sperm DNA integrity in mice

Epididymis seleno-independent glutathione peroxidase 5 maintains sperm DNA integrity in mice

Lipoperoxidation damage of spermatozoa polyunsaturated fatty acids PUFA scavenger mechanisms and possible scavenger therapies

Quantitative fluorometry of abnormal mouse sperm nuclei

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