Identification of Arabidopsis <i>GPAT9</i> (At5g60620) as an Essential Gene Involved in Triacylglycerol Biosynthesis

Shockey, Jay; Regmi, Anushobha; Cotton, Kimberly Lynn; Adhikari, Neil D.; Browse, John; Bates, Philip D.

doi:10.1104/pp.15.01563

Cited by 146 publications

(133 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…Then the regiochemical labeling of PC would not change significantly between lines. This result is consistent with previous hypotheses that suggest PC is a central intermediate, and a fatty acid or DAG carrier through the ER membrane before TAG synthesis (Allen et al, 2015;Shockey et al, 2016). Together these acyl lipid flux experiments provide novel results that Camelina utilizes a higher proportion of direct Kennedy pathway than other related plants, and that the flux through the PC-derived DAG pathway can be enhanced through modulation of PLD activity.…”

Section: Carbon Flux Between Dag and Pc Are Highly Interconnected In supporting

confidence: 81%

“…The increase in PC-derived DAG (Fig. 8) considerably altered TAG accumulation (up to 3% oil increase), supporting that acyl flux through PC may be a regulator of total FA synthesis (Bates et al, 2014;Bates, 2016). However, it was surprising that no significant difference was observed in the stereochemical labeling of PC, which is a marker of acyl flux through acyl editing versus the Kennedy pathway.…”

Section: Carbon Flux Between Dag and Pc Are Highly Interconnected In mentioning

confidence: 79%

“…Based on the PUFA amounts in TAG harvested from developing seeds (20 DAF), approximately 56% of acyl groups flux through PC in both wild-type and PLD z Camelina. However, not all fatty acids are further desaturated while on PC, thus the calculated flux through this metabolic pool is an underestimate (Bates and Browse, 2012;Bates, 2016). To determine the effect of PLD z on acyl flux through PC, eukaryotic glycerolipid assembly was investigated with [ 14 C]acetate labeling (Allen et al, 2015).…”

Section: Pld Z S Alter Acyl Lipid and Fatty Acid Profilesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This de novo synthesized DAG can then be utilized for membrane lipid synthesis or converted to TAG in plants by a further acylation at sn-3 using either the acyl-CoA-dependent diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT; Barron and Stumpf, 1962;Griffiths et al, 1985;Katavic et al, 1995;Zou et al, 1999), or by the transfer of the sn-2 FA from PC to DAG by phosphatidylcholine: diacylglycerol acyltransferase (PDAT; Dahlqvist et al, 2000). These mechanisms of plant TAG biosynthesis summarized in Figure 1 have recently been reviewed in extensive detail (Weselake et al, 2009;Zhang et al, 2009;Chapman and Ohlrogge, 2012;Li-Beisson et al, 2013;Allen et al, 2015Allen et al, , 2016Bates, 2016).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The DAG for TAG synthesis can also be derived from the ER lipid, PC (Bates, 2016). FA desaturation reactions modify acyl chains that are esterified to PC, thus the flux through PC leads to an enhanced degree of unsaturated FA in the PC-derived DAG pool relative to de novo DAG and can provide an increased source of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) for TAG biosynthesis (Griffiths et al, 1988;Bates et al, 2009;Bates and Browse, 2012).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phospholipase Dζ Enhances Diacylglycerol Flux into Triacylglycerol

Yang

Wang

et al. 2017

Plant Physiol.

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Plant seeds are the primary source of triacylglycerols (TAG) for food, feed, fuel, and industrial applications. As TAG is produced from diacylglycerol (DAG), successful engineering strategies to enhance TAG levels have focused on the conversion of DAG to TAG. However, the production of TAG can be limited by flux through the enzymatic reactions that supply DAG. In this study, two Arabidopsis phospholipase D z genes (AtPLD z1 and AtPLD z2 ) were coexpressed in Camelina sativa to test whether the conversion of phosphatidylcholine to DAG impacts TAG levels in seeds. The resulting transgenic plants produced 2% to 3% more TAG as a component of total seed biomass and had increased 18:3 and 20:1 fatty acid levels relative to wild type. Increased DAG and decreased PC levels were examined through the kinetics of lipid assembly by [ 14 C]acetate and [ 14 C]glycerol incorporation into glycerolipids. [ 14 C]acetate was rapidly incorporated into TAG in both wild-type and overexpression lines, indicating a significant flux of nascent and elongated acyl-CoAs into the sn-3 position of TAG. Stereochemical analysis revealed that newly synthesized fatty acids were preferentially incorporated into the sn-2 position of PC, but the sn-1 position of de novo DAG and indicated similar rates of nascent acyl groups into the Kennedy pathway and acyl editing. [ 14 C]glycerol studies demonstrated PC-derived DAG is the major source of DAG for TAG synthesis in both tissues. The results emphasize that the interconversions of DAG and PC pools can impact oil production and composition.

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Section: Carbon Flux Between Dag and Pc Are Highly Interconnected In supporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Carbon Flux Between Dag and Pc Are Highly Interconnected In mentioning

confidence: 79%

Section: Pld Z S Alter Acyl Lipid and Fatty Acid Profilesmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phospholipase Dζ Enhances Diacylglycerol Flux into Triacylglycerol

Yang

Wang

et al. 2017

Plant Physiol.

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Plant sn‐Glycerol‐3‐Phosphate Acyltransferases: Biocatalysts Involved in the Biosynthesis of Intracellular and Extracellular Lipids

Jayawardhane

Singer

Weselake

et al. 2018

Lipids

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Acyl-lipids such as intracellular phospholipids, galactolipids, sphingolipids, and surface lipids play a crucial role in plant cells by serving as major components of cellular membranes, seed storage oils, and extracellular lipids such as cutin and suberin. Plant lipids are also widely used to make food, renewable biomaterials, and fuels. As such, enormous efforts have been made to uncover the specific roles of different genes and enzymes involved in lipid biosynthetic pathways over the last few decades. sn-Glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases (GPAT) are a group of important enzymes catalyzing the acylation of sn-glycerol-3-phosphate at the sn-1 or sn-2 position to produce lysophosphatidic acids. This reaction constitutes the first step of storage-lipid assembly and is also important in polar- and extracellular-lipid biosynthesis. Ten GPAT have been identified in Arabidopsis, and many homologs have also been reported in other plant species. These enzymes differentially localize to plastids, mitochondria, and the endoplasmic reticulum, where they have different biological functions, resulting in distinct metabolic fate(s) for lysophosphatidic acid. Although studies in recent years have led to new discoveries about plant GPAT, many gaps still exist in our understanding of this group of enzymes. In this article, we highlight current biochemical and molecular knowledge regarding plant GPAT, and also discuss deficiencies in our understanding of their functions in the context of plant acyl-lipid biosynthesis.

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Fatty Acyl Synthetases and Thioesterases in Plant Lipid Metabolism: Diverse Functions and Biotechnological Applications

Kalinger

Pulsifer

Hepworth

et al. 2020

Lipids

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Plants use fatty acids to synthesize acyl lipids for many different cellular, physiological, and defensive roles. These roles include the synthesis of essential membrane, storage, or surface lipids, as well as the production of various fatty acid-derived metabolites used for signaling or defense. Fatty acids are activated for metabolic processing via a thioester linkage to either coenzyme A or acyl carrier protein. Acyl synthetases metabolically activate fatty acids to their thioester forms, and acyl thioesterases deactivate fatty acyl thioesters to free fatty acids by hydrolysis. These two enzyme classes therefore play critical roles in lipid metabolism. This review highlights the surprisingly complex and varying roles of fatty acyl synthetases in plant lipid metabolism, including roles in the intracellular trafficking of fatty acids. This review also surveys the many specialized fatty acyl thioesterases characterized to date in plants, which produce a great diversity of fatty acid products in a tissue-specific manner. While some acyl thioesterases produce fatty acids that clearly play roles in plant-insect or plant-microbial interactions, most plant acyl thioesterases have yet to be fully characterized both in terms of their substrate specificities and their functions. The biotechnological applications of plant acyl thioesterases and synthetases are also discussed, as there is significant interest in these enzymes as catalysts for the sustainable production of fatty acids and their derivatives for industrial uses.

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Identification of Arabidopsis GPAT9 (At5g60620) as an Essential Gene Involved in Triacylglycerol Biosynthesis

Cited by 146 publications

References 95 publications

Phospholipase Dζ Enhances Diacylglycerol Flux into Triacylglycerol

Phospholipase Dζ Enhances Diacylglycerol Flux into Triacylglycerol

Plant sn‐Glycerol‐3‐Phosphate Acyltransferases: Biocatalysts Involved in the Biosynthesis of Intracellular and Extracellular Lipids

Fatty Acyl Synthetases and Thioesterases in Plant Lipid Metabolism: Diverse Functions and Biotechnological Applications

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