Identification of antibiotics in wastewater: current state of extraction protocol and future perspectives

Abstract

The release and occurrence of antibiotics in the aquatic environment has generated increased attention in the past few decades. The residual antibiotic in wastewater is important in the selection for antimicrobial resistance among microorganisms and the possibility of forming toxic derivatives. This review presents an assessment of the advancement in methods for extraction of antibiotics with solid phase extraction and liquid-liquid extraction methods applied in different aquatic environmental media. These advanced methods do enhance specificity, and also exhibit high accuracy and recovery. The aim of this review is to assess the pros and cons of the methods of extraction towards identification of quinolones and sulphonamides as examples of relevant antibiotics in wastewater. The challenges associated with the improvements are also examined with a view of providing potential perspectives for better extraction and identification protocols in the near future. From the context of this review, magnetic molecular imprinted polymer is superior over the remaining extraction methods (with the availability of commercial templates and monomers), is based on less cumbersome extraction procedures, uses less solvent and has the advantage of its reusable magnetic phase.

Use of the Chemcatcher® passive sampler and time-of-flight mass spectrometry to screen for emerging pollutants in rivers in Gauteng Province of South Africa

“…Analgesics and NSAIDs (acetaminophen, codeine, diclofenac and ibuprofen) and the anticonvulsant, carbamazepine, were often found in water in Cameroon (Branchet et al 2019 ). However, numerous authors have stated that there is limited data available on the overall occurrence of EPs in Africa (Faleye et al 2017 ; K'oreje et al 2016 ; Madikizela et al 2017a ). Most studies to date characterised a few classes of compounds in surface or wastewater (Archer et al 2017a ; Agunbiade and Moodley 2016 ; Matongo et al 2015a , b ; Sorensen et al 2015 ; Wood et al 2015 ).…”

Review of Analytical and Sample Processing Technologies for Detecting Antibiotic Residues in Environmental Samples

“…Due to its reliability, reproducibility, a wide range of applications and use of compound-target stationary phase cartridges, the SPE method is the most familiar technique among scientists. SPE techniques include solid-phase microextraction, dispersive micro-SPE, magnetic SPE and matrix solid-phase dispersion [5,23,37,38] .…”

“…This directly or indirectly led to an increase in the dosage or combination therapy or treatment with a new set of antibiotics. The existence of these potential components in water sources may be lethal, whether at low or high concentrations [5] .…”

Determination of the microscopic acid dissociation constant of piperacillin and identification of dissociated molecular forms

“…Moreover, like other antibiotics, a large amount of PIP may migrate into the environment as persistent or pseudo-persistent substances creating risks to the ecological environment and human health ( Polianciuc et al, 2020 ). Actually, PIP has been detected in underground water, with the highest detected concentration of 571 ng L -1 ( Szekeres et al, 2018 ), as well as in surface water ( Da Le et al, 2021 ; Danner et al, 2019 ; O'Flaherty and Cummins, 2017 ; Anh et al, 2021 ; Wu et al, 2020 ; Soran et al, 2017 ; Adams et al, 2002 ), drinking water treatment plants ( Mahmood, Al-Haideri, and Hassan, 2019 ), wastewater ( Faleye et al, 2017 ), and so on. As is known, the acidity/alkalinity of an amphoteric pharmaceutic substance is among the most fundamental properties for drug action ( Alekseev, 2010 ; Charifson and Walters, 2014 ).…”