Identification of Ammonia in Gas Emanated from Human Skin and Its Correlation with That in Blood

Nose, Kazuo; Mizuno, Tatsuo; Yamane, Norio; Kondo, Takaharu; Ohtani, Hajime; Araki, Shuki; Tsuda, Toshitaka

doi:10.2116/analsci.21.1471

Cited by 44 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Nose et al [21,22] sampled only the hand, whereas Turner et al [20] sampled hand and forearm and avoided using soap and other cleansing agents, because they noticed that this results in contamination by exogenous volatile compounds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Detection of volatile compounds emitted from skin is even more demanding since their concentrations tend to be still lower than in breath, and the collection of skin gas is challenging. Despite this, a number of volatile compounds have been quantified in skin emission using SIFT-MS [20], gas chromatography coupled to flame-thermoionic and flame ionization detectors [21,22], laser-based photoacoustic detection and proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) [23]. The emission of hydrogen cyanide from skin has, however, to the best of our knowledge, not yet been documented.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Background levels and diurnal variations of hydrogen cyanide in breath and emitted from skin

et al. 2011

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PostprintThis is the accepted version of a paper published in Journal of Breath Research. This paper has been peer-reviewed but does not include the final publisher proof-corrections or journal pagination. Abstract. The hydrogen cyanide (HCN) concentration in exhaled human breath and skin gas samples collected with different sampling techniques was measured using nearinfrared cavity ring-down spectroscopy. The median baseline HCN concentrations in samples provided by 19 healthy volunteers 2-4 hours after the last meal depended on the employed sampling technique: 6.5 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) in mixed (dead space and end-tidal) mouth-exhaled breath collected to a gas sampling bag, 3.9 ppbv in end-tidal mouth-exhaled breath, 1.3 ppbv in end-tidal nose-exhaled breath, 1.0 ppbv in unwashed skin, and 0.6 ppbv in washed skin samples. Diurnal measurements showed that elevated HCN levels are to be expected in mouth-exhaled breath samples after food and drink intake, which suggests HCN generation in the oral cavity. The HCN concentrations in end-tidal nose-exhaled breath and skin gas samples correlated and it is concluded that these concentrations best reflect systemic HCN levels.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Background levels and diurnal variations of hydrogen cyanide in breath and emitted from skin

et al. 2011

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PostprintThis is the accepted version of a paper published in Journal of Breath Research. This paper has been peer-reviewed but does not include the final publisher proof-corrections or journal pagination. Abstract. The hydrogen cyanide (HCN) concentration in exhaled human breath and skin gas samples collected with different sampling techniques was measured using nearinfrared cavity ring-down spectroscopy. The median baseline HCN concentrations in samples provided by 19 healthy volunteers 2-4 hours after the last meal depended on the employed sampling technique: 6.5 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) in mixed (dead space and end-tidal) mouth-exhaled breath collected to a gas sampling bag, 3.9 ppbv in end-tidal mouth-exhaled breath, 1.3 ppbv in end-tidal nose-exhaled breath, 1.0 ppbv in unwashed skin, and 0.6 ppbv in washed skin samples. Diurnal measurements showed that elevated HCN levels are to be expected in mouth-exhaled breath samples after food and drink intake, which suggests HCN generation in the oral cavity. The HCN concentrations in end-tidal nose-exhaled breath and skin gas samples correlated and it is concluded that these concentrations best reflect systemic HCN levels.

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“…In parallel, clinical studies have been carried out to explore the potential of eNH 3 as biomarker of health conditions related to end-stage renal failure [8,26,32,33], liver disease [27,35,36,40], HD efficacy [8,23,24,26,32,33,38] and Helicobacter pylori infection [2,12]. Two groups have so far studied the release of ammonia from the skin [18,41].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ammonia in breath and emitted from skin

et al. 2013

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PostprintThis is the accepted version of a paper published in Journal of Breath Research. This paper has been peer-reviewed but does not include the final publisher proof-corrections or journal pagination.Citation for the original published paper (version of record):Schmidt, F., Vaittinen, O., Metsälä, M., Lehto, M., Forsblom, C. et al. (2013) Ammonia in breath and emitted from skin. Abstract. Ammonia concentrations in exhaled breath (eNH 3 ) and skin gas of 20 healthy subjects were measured on-line with a commercial cavity ring-down spectrometer and compared to saliva pH and plasma ammonium ion (NH + 4 ), urea and creatinine concentrations. Special attention was given to mouth, nose and skin sampling procedures and the accurate quantification of ammonia in humid gas samples. The obtained median concentrations were 688 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) for mouth-eNH 3 , 34 ppbv for nose-eNH 3 , and 21 ppbv for both mouth-and nose-eNH 3 after an acidic mouth wash (MW). The median ammonia emission rate from the lower forearm was 0.3 ng cm −2 minute −1 . Statistically significant (p<0.05) correlations between the breath, skin and plasma ammonia/ammonium concentrations were not found. However, mouth-eNH 3 strongly (p<0.001) correlated with saliva pH. This dependence was also observed in detailed measurements of the diurnal variation and the response of eNH 3 to the acidic MW. It is concluded that eNH 3 as such does not reflect plasma but saliva and airway mucus NH + 4 concentrations and is affected by saliva and airway mucus pH. After normalization with saliva pH using the HendersonHasselbalch equation, mouth-eNH 3 correlated with plasma NH + 4 , which points to saliva and plasma NH + 4 being linked via hydrolysis of salivary urea. Journal of Breath

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“…(GC) based experiments, variety of compounds were found to be emitted by human skin, such as acetone [42], ammonia [43], hydrocarbons [44] and aromatics [45], and the quantity of some of these compounds was correlated to blood content. Ammonia gas has been known to emanate through the skin from serum and its level depends on the humans health conditions [37].…”

Section: Sensing Based On Evanescent Wave Fiber-optic Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We can speculate, however, that due to the normal physiological differences (for example in metabolic processes and related products excretion through the skin) between two people, the characteristics of the optical sensor response, such as response time and intensity change at different wavelengths, would be expected to be different. As shown in GC-MS and HPLC studies, variety of compounds can be found from human skin at normal conditions, such as ammonia [43], carbon monoxide [55], acetaldehyde [56], and acetone [42]. These compounds and many other emanations that are constituents of body odor are believed to contribute into the optical spectra of the EW sensor.…”

Section: Sensing Based On Evanescent Wave Fiber-optic Sensorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fibre-Optic Chemical Sensor Approaches Based on Nanoassembled Thin Films: A Challenge to Future Sensor Technology

Korposh¹,

James²,

Tatam³

et al. 2013

Current Developments in Optical Fiber Technology

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Identification of Ammonia in Gas Emanated from Human Skin and Its Correlation with That in Blood

Cited by 44 publications

References 15 publications

Background levels and diurnal variations of hydrogen cyanide in breath and emitted from skin

Background levels and diurnal variations of hydrogen cyanide in breath and emitted from skin

Ammonia in breath and emitted from skin

Fibre-Optic Chemical Sensor Approaches Based on Nanoassembled Thin Films: A Challenge to Future Sensor Technology

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