Identification of a non-steroidal estrogen, equol, in the urine of pregnant macaques: correlation with steroidal estrogen excretion

Monfort, Steven L.; Thompson, Margaret A.; Czekala, Nancy M.; Kasman, L. H.; Shackleton, Cedric; Lasley, Bill L.

doi:10.1016/0022-4731(84)90398-4

Cited by 23 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Previous studies reported estrone, estriol, and estradiol to be dominantly excreted in the urine of macaques [Monfort et al, ; Shideler et al, , ] and baboons [Wasser et al, ]. Hence hydrolyzed urine samples were analyzed for estrogen concentrations with an antibody against total estrogens [Palme and Möstl, ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rank‐dependent grooming patterns and cortisol alleviation in Barbary macaques

Sonnweber

Ravignani

Stobbe

et al. 2015

American J Primatol

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Flexibly adapting social behavior to social and environmental challenges helps to alleviate glucocorticoid (GC) levels, which may have positive fitness implications for an individual. For primates, the predominant social behavior is grooming. Giving grooming to others is particularly efficient in terms of GC mitigation. However, grooming is confined by certain limitations such as time constraints or restricted access to other group members. For instance, dominance hierarchies may impact grooming partner availability in primate societies. Consequently specific grooming patterns emerge. In despotic species focusing grooming activity on preferred social partners significantly ameliorates GC levels in females of all ranks. In this study we investigated grooming patterns and GC management in Barbary macaques, a comparably relaxed species. We monitored changes in grooming behavior and cortisol (C) for females of different ranks. Our results show that the C-amelioration associated with different grooming patterns had a gradual connection with dominance hierarchy: while higher-ranking individuals showed lowest urinary C measures when they focused their grooming on selected partners within their social network, lower-ranking individuals expressed lowest C levels when dispersing their grooming activity evenly across their social partners. We argue that the relatively relaxed social style of Barbary macaque societies allows individuals to flexibly adapt grooming patterns, which is associated with rank-specific GC management.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rank‐dependent grooming patterns and cortisol alleviation in Barbary macaques

Sonnweber

Ravignani

Stobbe

et al. 2015

American J Primatol

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“…Urinary estrogen output (corrected for creatinine) in early, mid, and late gestation among different primates is presented in Figure 4. In almost all nonhuman primates, urinary estrogen excretion increases with advancing pregnancy (baboon, 35 orangutan, 36 gorilla, 36,37 rhesus monkey, [38][39][40] marmoset, 41,42 pygmy chimpanzee, 43 Goeldis monkey, 44 and the ruffed lemur 45 ) and appears to mirror plasma estrogen levels (marmoset, 41,42,46 chimpanzee, 47 gorilla, 48 baboon, 49,50 and rhesus monkey [51][52][53][54] ). Urinary estrogen excretion is much lower in the rhesus monkey and baboon relative to human pregnancies 55 but is very Figure 4 Graph depicting urinary estrogen excretion (mg/mg creatinine) in early, mid, and late gestation of human and various nonhuman primate species.…”

Section: Fetal Adrenal Androgen Secretion Predicted From Urinary Estrmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(B) A comparison of estradiol and estrone only shows that estrone is higher in the human, rhesus monkey, and pigmy chimp. (Data taken from Hopper and Tullner, 38 Monfort et al, 40 Lasley et al, 43 and Hodges et al 42 . ) high among marmosets when corrected for body weight.…”

Section: Fetal Adrenal Androgen Secretion Predicted From Urinary Estrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Variations in Adrenal Androgen Production Among (Nonhuman) Primates

2004

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The synthesis and secretion of the adrenal androgens dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its sulfate (DS) is a phenomenon apparently unique to humans and nonhuman primates. It occurs at three life stages: in utero from the fetal zone (FZ) cells of the developing adrenal cortex, during adolescence with the onset of adrenarche and the development of the zona reticularis (ZR), and in ever decreasing amounts from the ZR with aging (adrenal senescence). Insufficient data exist to know if any single nonhuman primate exactly mirrors human adrenal androgen secretion through all three life stages, and detailed morphological, biochemical, and endocrinologic studies are required to do so. Androgen synthesis requires that cells express three key enzymes, 17alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase cytochrome P450 (P450c17), nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (CPR), and cytochrome b5, and that they do not express 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3beta-HSD). Cytochrome b5 has emerged as a particularly useful marker of androgen synthetic potential. Although a reliable index of the rate of adrenal androgen secretion, DS concentrations may not accurately reflect total adrenal androgen output because rates and routes of androgen metabolism may vary greatly among species. Based on the very limited available data, the most promising nonhuman primate models are marmosets for the human FZ, chimpanzees for human adrenarche, and macaques and baboons for mature ZR function that declines with senescence.

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“…Equol (7-hydroxy-3-(4′-hydroxyphenyl) chroman) is a heterocyclic phenol that was first isolated and identified from pregnant mares urine in 1932 (Marrian and Haslewood 1932) and has subsequently been found in urine from humans, hens, and pregnant macaques (Common and Ainsworth 1961;Axelson et al 1982;Monfort et al 1984). As a metabolite of daidzein, equol shows strong estrogenic, antioxidant, and antiandrogenic properties, as well as cell cycle regulatory activity (Mitchell et al 1998;Muthyala et al 2004;Minamida et al 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Antioxidant effect of a phytoestrogen equol on cultured muscle cells of embryonic broilers

Wei

et al. 2011

In Vitro Cell.Dev.Biol.-Animal

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Previous studies have shown that the in ovo injection of equol can markedly improve the water-holding capacity of muscles of broilers chickens at 7 wk of age through promotion of the antioxidant status. We aimed to investigate directly the antioxidant effects of equol on muscle cells in broilers. Muscle cells were separated from leg muscle of embryos on the 11th day of incubation and treated with equol and H(2)O(2), either alone or together. Cells were pretreated with medium containing 1, 10, or 100 μM equol for 1 h prior to the addition of 1 mM H(2)O(2) for a further 1 h. Photomicrographs of cells were obtained. Cell viability, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and L-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the cell supernatant, as well as intracellular total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities were determined. Treatment with 1 mM H(2)O(2) caused serious damage to cells, indicated by comets with no clear head region but a very apparent tail of DNA fragments. Pretreatment with low (1 μM) but not high concentrations of equol (10 μM) inhibited cell damage, while 100 μM equol caused more serious damage than H(2)O(2) alone. Pretreatment with 1 μM equol had no effect on cell viability, while pretreatment with 10 and 100 μM equol significantly decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Compared with H(2)O(2) alone, pretreatment with low-dosage equol markedly decreased LDH activity and MDA production in the supernatant, significantly increased intracellular T-SOD activity (P < 0.05) and tended to increase intracellular GSH-Px activity (0.05 < P < 0.1). Pretreatment with high-dosage equol (10 and 100 μM) significantly enhanced LDH activity, but had no effect on MDA content, T-SOD or GSH-Px activity induced by H(2)O(2,) except for an obvious increase in GSH-Px activity caused by 10 μM equol. These results indicate that equol at low dosage can prevent skeletal muscle cell damage induced by H(2)O(2), while pretreatment with high-dosage equol shows a synergistic effect with H(2)O(2) in inducing cell damage.

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Identification of a non-steroidal estrogen, equol, in the urine of pregnant macaques: correlation with steroidal estrogen excretion

Cited by 23 publications

References 32 publications

Rank‐dependent grooming patterns and cortisol alleviation in Barbary macaques

Rank‐dependent grooming patterns and cortisol alleviation in Barbary macaques

Variations in Adrenal Androgen Production Among (Nonhuman) Primates

Antioxidant effect of a phytoestrogen equol on cultured muscle cells of embryonic broilers

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