Identification of a Neurotoxic Venom Component in the Tiger Rattlesnake, Crotalus tigris

Powell, Randy L.; Lieb, Carl S.; Rael, Eppie D.

doi:10.1670/76-03n

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…The occurrence of high concentration of a toxin immunologically related to Mojave toxin in C. tigris venom had been reported by Weinstein et al . 39 , and subsequently the presence of Mojave toxin subunits A and B in C. tigris was verified using DNA analysis of blood and toxin specific immunological analysis of venom 40 . Hawgood 41 compiled a review of pathophysiological effects of Mojave toxin: Castinolia et al .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, although the venom exhibits low but significant protease activity, it does not seem to cause any hemolytic activity. These systemic neuro- and myotoxic effects appear to be directly related to the concentration of the presynaptic β-neurotoxic heterodimeric PLA 2 molecules, Mojave toxin (in Neartic rattlesnakes), crotoxin (in Central and South American rattlesnake venoms), − and sistruxin (in Sistrurus catenatus catenatus and S. catenatus tergeminus venoms). , The occurrence of a high concentration of a toxin immunologically related to Mojave toxin in C. tigris venom had been reported by Weinstein et al, and subsequently the presence of Mojave toxin subunits A and B in C. tigris was verified using DNA analysis of blood and toxin-specific immunological analysis of venom . Hawgood compiled a review of pathophysiological effects of Mojave toxin, Castinolia et al demonstrated inhibition of neuromuscular transmission, and Ho and Lee and Gopalakrishnakone et al found the site of action to be presynaptic and also described the toxin as myonecrotic and capable of causing pulmonary hemorrhage.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…37,38 The occurrence of a high concentration of a toxin immunologically related to Mojave toxin in C. tigris venom had been reported by Weinstein et al, 39 and subsequently the presence of Mojave toxin subunits A and B in C. tigris was verified using DNA analysis of blood and toxinspecific immunological analysis of venom. 40 Hawgood 41 compiled a review of pathophysiological effects of Mojave toxin, Castinolia et al 42 demonstrated inhibition of neuromuscular transmission, and Ho and Lee 43 and Gopalakrishnakone et al 44 found the site of action to be presynaptic and also described the toxin as myonecrotic and capable of causing pulmonary hemorrhage. Mice injected with the isolated toxin at a dosage of about the LD 50 level of crude venom displayed ataxia and a short period of hyperexcitability, which were followed by prostration and tachypnea.…”

Section: Antivenomicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Snake Venomics of Crotalus tigris: The Minimalist Toxin Arsenal of the Deadliest Neartic Rattlesnake Venom. Evolutionary Clues for Generating a Pan-Specific Antivenom against Crotalid Type II Venoms

et al. 2012

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We report the proteomic and antivenomic characterization of Crotalus tigris venom. This venom exhibits the highest lethality for mice among rattlesnakes and the simplest toxin proteome reported to date. The venom proteome of C. tigris comprises 7–8 gene products from 6 toxin families: the presynaptic β-neurotoxic heterodimeric PLA2, Mojave toxin, and two serine proteinases comprise, respectively, 66% and 27% of the C. tigris toxin arsenal, whereas a VEGF-like protein, a CRISP molecule, a medium-sized disintegrin, and 1–2 PIII-SVMPs, each represents 0.1–5% of the total venom proteome. This toxin profile really explains the systemic neuro- and myotoxic effects observed in envenomated animals. In addition, we found that venom lethality of C. tigris and other North American rattlesnake type II venoms correlates with the concentration of Mojave toxin A-subunit, supporting the view that the neurotoxic venom phenotype of crotalid type II venoms may be described as a single-allele adaptation. Our data suggest that the evolutionary trend towards neurotoxicity, which has been also reported for the South American rattlesnakes, may have resulted by paedomorphism. The ability of an experimental antivenom to effectively immunodeplete proteins from the type II venoms of C. tigris, C. horridus, C. oreganus helleri, C. scutulatus scutulatus, and S. catenatus catenatus, indicated the feasibility of generating a pan-American anti-Crotalus type II antivenom, suggested by the identification of shared evolutionary trends among South American and North American Crotalus.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Antivenomicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Snake Venomics of Crotalus tigris: The Minimalist Toxin Arsenal of the Deadliest Neartic Rattlesnake Venom. Evolutionary Clues for Generating a Pan-Specific Antivenom against Crotalid Type II Venoms

et al. 2012

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“…CRiSP, Dis, PLA2 (MTX), SVMP P-III, SVSP, VEGF [55,[152][153][154] C. vegrandis 5′-NT, ATPase, BIP, BPP, carboxypeptidase, CNP, CRiSP, CTL, Dis, endonuclease (DNAse, RNAse), exendin4-like protein, glutathione peroxidase, Hya, LAAO, MYO, NGF, PDE, PLA2 (CRTX), PLB, SVMP P-II/III, SVSP [77,[155][156][157][158][159]…”

Section: Tigrismentioning

confidence: 99%

A Meta-Analysis of the Protein Components in Rattlesnake Venom

Deshwal

Phan

Datta

et al. 2021

Toxins

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The specificity and potency of venom components give them a unique advantage in developing various pharmaceutical drugs. Though venom is a cocktail of proteins, rarely are the synergy and association between various venom components studied. Understanding the relationship between various components of venom is critical in medical research. Using meta-analysis, we observed underlying patterns and associations in the appearance of the toxin families. For Crotalus, Dis has the most associations with the following toxins: PDE; BPP; CRL; CRiSP; LAAO; SVMP P-I and LAAO; SVMP P-III and LAAO. In Sistrurus venom, CTL and NGF have the most associations. These associations can predict the presence of proteins in novel venom and understand synergies between venom components for enhanced bioactivity. Using this approach, the need to revisit the classification of proteins as major components or minor components is highlighted. The revised classification of venom components is based on ubiquity, bioactivity, the number of associations, and synergies. The revised classification can be expected to trigger increased research on venom components, such as NGF, which have high biomedical significance. Using hierarchical clustering, we observed that the genera’s venom compositions were similar, based on functional characteristics rather than phylogenetic relationships.

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“…The main clinical effects of Crotalinae envenomation in dogs and cats are local tissue damage and coagulopathy. Crotalinae venom toxins have both local and systemic effects ranging from tissue necrosis, pain, and vascular endothelial damage, to induction of coagulopathies and other hematological changes, effects on the kidneys secondary to hypoperfusion, primary nephrotoxins, and rhabdomyolysis due to myotoxins, as well as cardiac effects and direct assault on the nervous system via neurotoxins (Gopalakrishnakone et al 1980;Powell and Lieb 2004). A general rule of thumb with Crotalinae venom toxicity in dogs and cats is that rattlesnakes are the most severe, followed by water moccasins and copperheads.…”

Section: Presentationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Management of Clinical Snake Bite in Dogs and Cats

Wells¹,

Hopper

2017

Toxinology

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The major clinical effects of Australian elapid snake envenomation are neurotoxicity and coagulopathy. Human patients appear to have greater susceptibility to the coagulopathic effects but are less susceptible to the neurotoxic effects, when compared to dogs and cats. The envenomation syndrome in dogs tends to be different than cats. Dogs often demonstrate clinical signs prior to the onset of paralysis, such as vomiting, and can have very rapid progression of neurotoxicity while cats do not tend to have preparalytic signs and have a much slower progression of clinical signs overall. The optimal approach to diagnosis and treatment of Australian snake bites in dogs and cats has yet to be determined and a true understanding of incidence, current management practices, and outcome is needed. Crotalinae and less common, Elapidae, envenomations occur in dogs and cats throughout the United States. The most common clinical signs of Crotalinae envenomation include local pain and swelling as well as coagulopathy, while the most common symptoms of Elapidae envenomation include neuromuscular weakness and hemolysis in the dog. In general, rattlesnake bites are more severe than copperhead or water moccasin bites. Veterinary antivenoms are regulated by the USDA, however human antivenoms are used in an off-label manner. Survival following envenomation is good; however, morbidity may be improved with antivenom administration.

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Identification of a Neurotoxic Venom Component in the Tiger Rattlesnake, Crotalus tigris

Cited by 10 publications

References 48 publications

Snake Venomics of Crotalus tigris: The Minimalist Toxin Arsenal of the Deadliest Neartic Rattlesnake Venom. Evolutionary Clues for Generating a Pan-Specific Antivenom against Crotalid Type II Venoms

Snake Venomics of Crotalus tigris: The Minimalist Toxin Arsenal of the Deadliest Neartic Rattlesnake Venom. Evolutionary Clues for Generating a Pan-Specific Antivenom against Crotalid Type II Venoms

A Meta-Analysis of the Protein Components in Rattlesnake Venom

Management of Clinical Snake Bite in Dogs and Cats

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