Identification of a Hydrophobin Gene That is Developmentally Regulated in the Ectomycorrhizal Fungus
            <i>Tricholoma terreum</i>

Mankel, Angela; Krause, Katrin; Kothe, Erika

doi:10.1128/aem.68.3.1408-1413.2002

Cited by 63 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…1). This leads to another interesting question about the function of both A and B mating type genes in agaricomycetes without clamp connections on dikaryotic hyphae, like Amanita regalis, Suillus bovinus (93), and Tricholoma species (59).…”

Section: Future Prospectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Basidiomycete Mating Type Genes and Pheromone Signaling

2010

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2The genome sequences of the basidiomycete Agaricomycetes species Coprinopsis cinerea, Laccaria bicolor, Schizophyllum commune, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, and Postia placenta, as well as of Cryptococcus neoformans and Ustilago maydis, are now publicly available. Out of these fungi, C. cinerea, S. commune, and U. maydis, together with the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, have been investigated for years genetically and molecularly for signaling in sexual reproduction. The comparison of the structure and organization of mating type genes in fungal genomes reveals an amazing conservation of genes regulating the sexual reproduction throughout the fungal kingdom. In agaricomycetes, two mating type loci, A, coding for homeodomain type transcription factors, and B, encoding a pheromone/receptor system, regulate the four typical mating interactions of tetrapolar species. Evidence for both A and B mating type genes can also be identified in basidiomycetes with bipolar systems, where only two mating interactions are seen. In some of these fungi, the B locus has lost its self/nonself discrimination ability and thus its specificity while retaining the other regulatory functions in development. In silico analyses now also permit the identification of putative components of the pheromone-dependent signaling pathways. Induction of these signaling cascades leads to development of dikaryotic mycelia, fruiting body formation, and meiotic spore production. In pheromone-dependent signaling, the role of heterotrimeric G proteins, components of a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, and cyclic AMP-dependent pathways can now be defined. Additionally, the pheromone-dependent signaling through monomeric, small GTPases potentially involved in creating the polarized cytoskeleton for reciprocal nuclear exchange and migration during mating is predicted. THE MATING SYSTEMS IN BASIDIOMYCETESThe typical life cycle of the higher basidiomycetes, presently classified as Agaricomycetes (Table 1) (34), consists of haploid, monokaryotic as well as dikaryotic stages, the latter of which prevails in nature. The monokaryotic mycelium contains nuclei of only one genetic type and is thus termed homokaryon. This mycelium, grown from haploid spores, in general contains one nucleus per cell (Fig. 1). The dikaryon is formed when genetically different homokaryons mate. In the saprotrophic agaricomycetes, the mushroom-forming species Schizophyllum commune and Coprinopsis cinerea (Table 1), mating is regulated by a tetrapolar system consisting of two unlinked genetic complexes, named A and B. The term tetrapolar reflects the fact that there are four possible mating interactions scored in matings between haploid strains derived from spores formed on the fruiting bodies of same parent dikaryon: a fully compatible interaction occurs when both A and B between the mates are of different specificities (Fig. 1), an incompatible interaction occurs when allelic specificities are all the same, and two semicompatible interactions occur when either A-o...

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Section: Future Prospectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Basidiomycete Mating Type Genes and Pheromone Signaling

2010

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“…In contrast to ectomycorrhizal fungi such as Pisolithus tinctorius and Paxillus involutus, Tricholoma species often show host specificity; their fruiting bodies are found only below compatible host trees. For example, Tricholoma vaccinum fruiting bodies occur only near spruce, which is the compatible host (2). Under laboratory conditions, Tricholoma species form ectomycorrhiza with nonhost trees, but the mycorrhization process in such lowcompatibility interactions requires more time and features spotty Hartig net formation (3).…”

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“…IAA export from fungal cells was linked to transport via a transporter of the multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) family. 2 O, pH 7, 1 ml of trace element solution) (37) was used to exclude potential IAA sources in the medium. To quantify IAA biosynthesis by T. vaccinum and investigate the effect of IAA on fungal growth and hyphal ramification, the MMNb medium (38) was supplemented with tryptophan (Trp), indole-3-acetaldehyde (IAD), indole-3-pyruvate (IPA), indole-3-acetamide (IAM), tryptamine (TAM), indole-3-acetonitrile (IAN), tryptophol (TOL), or IAA in concentrations of 0.05 to 2.5 mM.…”

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confidence: 99%

Biosynthesis and Secretion of Indole-3-Acetic Acid and Its Morphological Effects on Tricholoma vaccinum-Spruce Ectomycorrhiza

Krause

Henke

Asiimwe

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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bFungus-derived indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), which is involved in development of ectomycorrhiza, affects both partners, i.e., the tree and the fungus. The biosynthesis pathway, excretion from fungal hyphae, the induction of branching in fungal cultures, and enhanced Hartig net formation in mycorrhiza were shown. Gene expression studies, incorporation of labeled compounds into IAA, heterologous expression of a transporter, and bioinformatics were applied to study the effect of IAA on fungal morphogenesis and on ectomycorrhiza. Tricholoma vaccinum produces IAA from tryptophan via indole-3-pyruvate, with the last step of this biosynthetic pathway being catalyzed by an aldehyde dehydrogenase. The gene ald1 was found to be highly expressed in ectomycorrhiza and induced by indole-3-acetaldehyde. The export of IAA from fungal cells is supported by the multidrug and toxic extrusion (MATE) transporter Mte1 found in T. vaccinum. The addition of IAA and its precursors induced elongated cells and hyphal ramification of mycorrhizal fungi; in contrast, in saprobic fungi such as Schizophyllum commune, IAA did not induce morphogenetic changes. Mycorrhiza responded by increasing its Hartig net formation. The IAA of fungal origin acts as a diffusible signal, influencing root colonization and increasing Hartig net formation in ectomycorrhiza. F ungi, mainly basidiomycetes, form a mutually beneficial symbiotic association, commonly known as ectomycorrhiza, with the roots of woody plants (1). After establishing contact with the host, the fungus initially grows around the roots to form a mass of mycelium called the fungal mantle. From there, some hyphae penetrate the roots to grow between cortical cells to form the Hartig net, which acts as a surface for the exchange of nutrients and signals between the two symbiotic partners (1). Variation in host specificity occurs within ectomycorrhizal fungi: some have a broad host range, whereas others form host-specific ectomycorrhiza. In contrast to ectomycorrhizal fungi such as Pisolithus tinctorius and Paxillus involutus, Tricholoma species often show host specificity; their fruiting bodies are found only below compatible host trees. For example, Tricholoma vaccinum fruiting bodies occur only near spruce, which is the compatible host (2). Under laboratory conditions, Tricholoma species form ectomycorrhiza with nonhost trees, but the mycorrhization process in such lowcompatibility interactions requires more time and features spotty Hartig net formation (3). Thus, T. vaccinum, a slow-growing, latestage, and highly host-specific mycorrhizal fungus was chosen for the investigation of fungus-derived phytohormone effects on both partners. These interactions were expected to show the importance of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in the establishment and functioning of the symbiosis. We hypothesized that a long period of incubation might be necessary to observe changes in the morphogenetic responses that are not easily visualized with fast-growing, early-stage mycorrhiza. In order to generalize our findin...

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“…En este sentido, investigaciones realizadas por Tagu et al (1996) y Bücking et al (2002 en plantas de Eucalyptus globulus Labill micorrizadas con Pisolithus tinctorius muestran la expresión de genes que sintetizan pequeñas proteínas hidrofóbicas, llamadas hidrofóbinas, que participan en la agregación de la hifa del HEM. La función principal de estas proteínas no se conoce con exactitud, pero se sabe que evitan la deshidratación del manto hifal y generan una barrera que limita la difusión de elementos como Ca, Mg y K a la raíz micorrizada, contribuyendo a la disminución del estrés salino (Mankel et al 2002).…”

Section: Mejora En La Economía De Nutrientesunclassified

Hongos ectomicorrícicos y la tolerancia a la salinidad en plantas

Aguilar-Aguilar¹,

Pérez‐Moreno²,

Ferrera‐Cerrato³

et al. 2009

Rev. chil. hist. nat.

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RESUMENEl proceso de salinización de los suelos constituye un problema generalizado a nivel global. En este sentido, los hongos ectomicorrícicos tienen una importante participación en la recuperación de suelos forestales ya que involucran una serie de mecanismos celulares que pueden contribuir a la tolerancia a la salinidad en plantas que habitan los bosques templados o boreales. La participación de los hongos ectomicorrícicos en la tolerancia a la salinidad involucra la regulación homeostática de los iones, la mejora de captación de agua y la inducción de genes específicos en las raíces colonizadas. Los hongos ectomicorrícicos pueden estimular la presencia de osmolitos como la prolina, azúcares y polioles que contribuyen en la protección de las células vegetales. Además, estos organismos inducen la síntesis de enzimas antioxidantes y glutatión que participan en la disminución de especies reactivas de oxígeno. Esta revisión ofrece una descripción de la participación de los hongos ectomicorrícicos en la tolerancia a la salinidad en plantas.Palabras clave: salinidad, hongos ectomicorrícicos, tolerancia. ABSTRACTThe process of salinization of the soil is a widespread problem at the global level. In this sense, ectomycorrhizal fungi have an important role in the recovery of forest soil, as it involves a number of cellular mechanisms that may contribute to the salinity tolerance in plants that inhabit temperate and boreal forests. The participation of ectomycorrhizal fungi on the salinity tolerance involves the ion-homeostasis regulation, improving uptake water and inducing specific gene in roots colonized. Likewise ectomycorrhizal fungi can stimulate the presence of osmolytes as proline, sugars and polyols that contribute to the protection of plant cells. Additionally, these organisms stimulate the synthesis of glutathione and antioxidant enzymes involved in the decrease of reactive oxygen species. This review provides an overview of participation of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the salinity tolerance in plants.

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Identification of a Hydrophobin Gene That is Developmentally Regulated in the Ectomycorrhizal Fungus Tricholoma terreum

Cited by 63 publications

References 45 publications

Basidiomycete Mating Type Genes and Pheromone Signaling

Basidiomycete Mating Type Genes and Pheromone Signaling

Biosynthesis and Secretion of Indole-3-Acetic Acid and Its Morphological Effects on Tricholoma vaccinum-Spruce Ectomycorrhiza

Hongos ectomicorrícicos y la tolerancia a la salinidad en plantas

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