Enterobacterial strains of Raoultella spp. display a penicillinase-related -lactam resistance pattern suggesting the presence of a chromosomal bla gene. From whole-cell DNA of Raoultella planticola strain ATCC 33531 T and Raoultella ornithinolytica strain ATCC 31898 T , bla genes were cloned and expressed into Escherichia coli. Each gene encoded an Ambler class A -lactamase, named PLA-1 and ORN-1 for R. planticola and R. ornithinolytica, respectively. These -lactamases (291 amino acids), with the same pI value of 7.8, had a shared amino acid identity of 94%, 37 to 47% identity with the majority of the chromosome-encoded class A -lactamases previously described for Enterobacteriaceae, and 66 to 69% identity with the two -lactamases LEN-1 and SHV-1 from Klebsiella pneumoniae. However, the highest identity percentage (69 to 71%) was found with the plasmid-mediated -lactamase TEM-1. PLA-1, which displayed very strong hydrolytic activity against penicillins, also displayed significant hydrolytic activity against cefepime and, to a lesser extent, against cefotaxime and aztreonam, but there was no hydrolytic activity against ceftazidime. Such a substrate profile suggests that the Raoultella -lactamases PLA-1 and ORN-1 should be classified into the group 2be of the -lactamase classification of K. Bush, G. A. Jacoby, and A. A. Medeiros (Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 39:1211-1233, 1995). The highly homologous regions upstream of the bla PLA-1A and bla ORN-1A genes comprised a nucleotide sequence identical to the ؊35 region and another one very close to the ؊10 region of the bla LEN-1 gene. From now on, as the bla gene sequences of the most frequent Raoultella and Klebsiella species are available, the bla gene amplification method can be used to differentiate these species from each other, which the biochemical tests currently carried out in the clinical laboratory are unable to do.Klebsiella planticola and Klebsiella terrigena were identified in 1981, and Klebsiella ornithinolytica was identified in 1989 (2, 12, 32). The first two species were primarily associated with botanical and aquatic environments, whereas the third one, which was formerly known as ornithine-positive Klebsiella oxytoca, was first identified from clinical samples (2, 12, 32). The differentiation of these three species from the other Klebsiella species was based on biochemical reactions, growth temperatures, pigment production, GϩC content, and DNA-DNA hybridization (2, 12, 32). However, these three species have recently been reclassified in a new genus, the Raoultella genus, on the basis of the 16S rDNA and rpoB gene sequence analysis of enteric bacteria (8,19). In spite of this phylogenetic advance, the routine biochemical tests used in the clinical laboratory are not capable of distinguishing between Klebsiella spp., particularly K. oxytoca, and Raoutella spp. To demonstrate the involvement of Raoultella spp. in infectious diseases, the use of particular methods was required. Thus, by using particular biochemical tests and differential grow...