Identification, cloning and functional characterization of a novel dermonecrotic toxin (phospholipase D) from brown spider (Loxosceles intermedia) venom

Pattern of inflammatory response to Loxosceles intermedia venom in distinct mouse strains: A key element to understand skin lesions and dermonecrosis by poisoning

“…This method was chosen because of its proven efficiency to evaluate the esphingomyelinase-D activity in bronw spider venom (Appel et al, 2008). Three concentrations of venom were tested (10, 30 e 100 mg/mL) but only the higher concentration increased the fluorescence intensity after 30 min of the reaction (Fig.…”

“…L. intermedia venom is liquid, colorless, crystalline and extremely rich in proteases, alkaline phosphatase, hyaluronidases, phospholipases, metalloproteases among other components (Barbaro et al, 2005;Chaim et al, 2011;da Silveira et al, 2007a;da Silveira et al, 2007b;Tambourgi et al, 2000). The spread of the venom and consequent dermonecrosis observed in humans and rabbits are attributed to hyaluronidase (Futrell, 1992) and phospholipase D (also referred as sphingomyelinase D) activities (Appel et al, 2008;Kalapothakis et al, 2007;Tambourgi et al, 1998). In fact, the occurrence of dermonecrosis at the site of inoculation of the venom is considered the most important clinical manifestation of loxoscelism (Hogan et al, 2004;Veiga et al, 2001;Zanetti et al, 2002).…”

“…L. intermedia venom causes an intense inflammatory response with infiltration of neutrophils and complement activation, hemolysis, renal failure and toxicity to various types of cell culture or animal lethality (Abdulkader et al, 2008;Appel et al, 2008;Tambourgi et al, 2010Tambourgi et al, , 2005. Locally, endogenous mechanisms are activated after envenomation, including activation of the complement system, cellular mobilization, platelet aggregation, releases of proteolytic enzymes by neutrophils and inflammatory cytokines that provided a significant disturbance of blood flow, edema and ischemic induction.…”

Animal Toxins: How is Complexity Represented in Databases?

“…While enzymes are present in the majority of venoms [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28], their number in invertebrates is very limited compared to that in snake venoms. As ArachnoServer and ConoServer deal with invertebrate proteins, data on enzymes are either limited, or nonexistent.…”

Effects of Recombinant Toxin Phospholipase D in Cardiac Muscle of Rats

“…The toxin was produced as described previously (Chaim et al, 2006;ChavesMoreira et al, 2011). The integrity, purity and quality of rLiD1 was checked by electrophoresis (Harlow and Lane, 1988) and its activity was measured using the Amplex Red Assay Kit (Molecular Probes, Eugene) as previously described (Appel et al, 2008;ChavesMoreira et al, 2011).…”