Identification by anatomy and gel electrophoresis of Phalloceros caudimaculatus (Poeciliidae), previously mistaken for Gambusia affinis holbrooki (Poeciliidae)

Trendall, JT; Johnson, _______

doi:10.1071/mf9810993

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…Female Gambusia that are pregnant with a litter of young do not usually become pregnant again until after the first litter is born, Therefore, superfetation, or the presence of more than one litter of developing embryos in the same animal at the same time, does not usually occur in Gambusia (Turner, 1937;Scrimshaw, 1944;Trendall and Johnson, 1981;Reznick and Miles, 1989). This is best indicated by the observations that females with developing embryos may also have maturing unfertilized eggs but not fertilized eggs (Vondracek et al, 1988;Vargas and de Sostoa, 1996), and there is usually a pause of several days to 2 weeks between the birth of one litter and fertilization of the next (Turner, 1937;Reznick and Miles, 1989).…”

Section: Reproductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

A Review of the Biology of Gambusia affinis and G. holbrooki

Pyke

2005

Rev Fish Biol Fisheries

373

429

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Section: Reproductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

A Review of the Biology of Gambusia affinis and G. holbrooki

Pyke

2005

Rev Fish Biol Fisheries

373

429

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“…This review focuses on what we term "melanic side-spotting patterns" that encompass a polychromism with a similar phenotype across poeciliid species and genera in which macromelanophores form irregularly distributed black spots on the fish's flanks (Figure 2). These melanic side-spotting patterns can vary in amount and size of spots and in whether they are composed of punctate spots or spots that have coalesced into blotches (Figure 2; Bellamy, 1936;Gordon and Gordon, 1957;Regan, 1961;Atz, 1962;Borowsky, 1973;Trendall and Johnson, 1981;Angus, 1983). To meet our criteria, the spotting pattern has to occur at minimum somewhere on the flank, but location of spotting on the flank can vary among species.…”

Section: Pattern Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Biology of Polymorphic Melanic Side-Spotting Patterns in Poeciliid Fishes

Zerulla

Stoddard

2021

Front. Ecol. Evol.

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Melanin-based color patterns are an emerging model for studying molecular and evolutionary mechanisms driving phenotypic correlations. Extensive literature exists on color patterns and their correlated traits in the family Poeciliidae, indicating that these fishes are tractable models. We review the biology of polymorphic melanic side-spotting patterns characterized by macromelanophores forming irregular spotted patterns across fishes’ flanks. These patterns are present in the genera Gambusia, Limia, Phalloceros, Poecilia, and Xiphophorus. Their presence is controlled by dominant genes on autosomes or sex chromosomes. Variation in expression is under polygenic control; however, these genes’ identities are still largely unknown. In some Gambusia holbrooki and Poecilia latipinna, expression is dependent on low temperature exposure, but underlying molecular mechanisms are unknown. Spotted fish develop melanoma in rare cases and are a well-developed model for melanoma research. Little is known about other physiological correlates except that spotted G. holbrooki males exhibit higher basal cortisol levels than unspotted males and that metabolic rate does not differ between morphs in some Xiphophorus species. Behavioral differences between morphs are widespread, but specific to population, species, and social context. Spotted G. holbrooki males appear to be more social and more dominant. Juvenile spotted G. holbrooki have lower behavioral flexibility, and spotted X. variatus exhibit greater stress resistance. Findings conflict on whether morphs differ in sexual behavior and in sexual selection by females. Melanic side-spotting patterns are uncommon (<30%) in populations, although extreme high-frequency populations exist. This low frequency is surprising for dominant genes, indicating that a variety of selective pressures influence both these patterns and their correlated traits. Little is known about reproductive life history traits. Spotted G. holbrooki are larger and have higher survival when uncommon, but underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Spotted morphs appear to have a strong selective advantage during predation. Predators prefer to attack and consume unspotted morphs; however, this preference disappears when spotted G. holbrooki males are common, indicating negative frequency-dependent selection. Spotted morphs are preferred socially under turbid conditions, but other environmental factors that shape phenotypic correlations and morph fitness have not been studied. Finally, we present questions for future studies on melanic side-spotting patterns.

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“…The superficial similarity of P. caudimaculatus to G. qffinis may have meant that, up until now, anyone seeing them just dismissed them as unusually strongly-coloured specimens of the latter species. P. caudimaculatus has been recorded in Western Australia in very similar circumstancesfound in the wild and originally confused as Gambusia and the source of the wild population totally undocumented (Trendall & Johnson 1981). The importance of accurate identification is accentuated by significant recent increasing interest in dispersion of G. qffinis only in part prompted by the arrival in New Zealand of additional species of mosquito, some with the capacity to carry viruses of human health concern.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…It is capable of gestating more than one brood of young at a time (Sterba 1962) and produces litters of 20-80 young at intervals of 5-6 weeks (Wheeler 1985). Trendall & Johnson (1981) report that the breeding season in Western Australia is during autumn.…”

Section: Malementioning

confidence: 99%

Further feral poeciliid fish in New Zealand fresh waters, with a key to species

McDowall

1999

New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research

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The poeciliid fish, Phalloceros caudimaculatus (commonly referred to as the "caudo"), is recorded from the wild for the first time, occurring in stock-water troughs on a farm near Kamo in Northland, New Zealand. The populations in the stock troughs reputedly came from a nearby stream c. 10 years ago, although a preliminary search has failed to reveal them to be there now. Presence of an additional exotic fish in New Zealand fresh waters is a matter for concern, and requires management. To facilitate recognition off. caudimaculatus, and its distinction from other poeciliids present here, a diagnosis is provided to enable identification, together with notes on natural history, and a key for the identification of the five species of Poeciliidae now known from natural waters in New Zealand.

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Identification by anatomy and gel electrophoresis of Phalloceros caudimaculatus (Poeciliidae), previously mistaken for Gambusia affinis holbrooki (Poeciliidae)

Cited by 12 publications

References 0 publications

A Review of the Biology of Gambusia affinis and G. holbrooki

A Review of the Biology of Gambusia affinis and G. holbrooki

The Biology of Polymorphic Melanic Side-Spotting Patterns in Poeciliid Fishes

Further feral poeciliid fish in New Zealand fresh waters, with a key to species

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