Identification and Sequence Analysis of Hepatitis A Virus Detected in Market and Environmental Bivalve Molluscs

Macaluso, Alessia; Petrinca, Annarita; Lanni, Luigi; Saccares, S.; Amiti, Sonia; Gabrieli, R; Divizia, M

doi:10.4315/0362-028x-69.2.449

Cited by 16 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…The circulation of HAV in other parts of Italy should be closely monitored to evaluate the potential benefits of childhood vaccination and other preventive measures for limiting at-risk behaviours. Several studies have shown that the main risk factor for acquiring HAV infection in southern Italy is the consumption of raw seafood, while person-to-person transmission is fundamental for the spread of infection and for maintenance of outbreak [21,45]. Thus prevention of secondary infection is a crucial point.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Hepatitis A incidence and hospital-based seroprevalence in Italy: a nation-wide study

et al. 2007

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To define the pattern of HAV infection in Italy and to study the differences among geographic areas (northern, central and southern Italy) and age-classes, we performed HAV antibody testing on sera collected in 1996-1997 from a large sample of the Italian population and compared the results with those of other seroprevalence studies and with incidence data for the period 1985-2005, calculated by a surveillance system specific for acute viral hepatitis based on symptomatic cases. A total of 3,561 sera, collected by hospital-based reference laboratories in 18 out of 20 Italian Regions, were tested; 1,138 (32%, 95% CI: 30.5-33.5) were positive. The age-adjusted prevalence was 60.1% and the age-specific rates were among the highest rates reported in Europe in the 1990s. The age-adjusted seroprevalence showed a significant north-south gradient, increasing from 55% in northern Italy to 68% in southern Italy. Age and area of residence were found to be strong predictors of previous HAV infection: the marked increase in prevalence with increasing age represents a strong cohort effect. In northern Italy, a marked increase with age was observed beginning with the 20- to 29-year age-class, whereas in southern Italy, such an increase was observed beginning with the 12- to 19-year age-class, indicating that northern Italy preceded southern Italy by 10-20 years in terms of improvements in hygiene and sanitation. The incidence of HAV infection shows an evident peak in 1997, when an outbreak occurred in southern Italy, mainly affecting 15- to 24-year-old individuals. In the period from 1998 to 2005, the incidence drastically decreased (average of 3.2/100,000 inhabitants), reaching a minimum of 2/100,000 inhabitants in 2005.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Hepatitis A incidence and hospital-based seroprevalence in Italy: a nation-wide study

et al. 2007

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“…This may explain the large series of publications on the assessment of (only) HAV in Italian bivalve molluscs (Croci et al 1999(Croci et al , 2000(Croci et al , 2007De Medici et al 2001;Chironna et al 2002;di Pinto et al 2003;Macaluso et al 2006). The first demonstration of HAV RNA in shellfish from polluted Italian growing waters using RT-PCR techniques was described by Croci and co-workers (1999), followed within a short period by other articles (Croci et al 2000;di Pinto et al 2003).…”

Section: Spainmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…In both studies a cell-culture RT-PCR technique was used to demonstrate the presence of infectious HAV virus in 6-13% of the samples that had been analysed for the presence of HAV RNA by RT-PCR (Chironna et al 2002 andDe Medici et al 2001, respectively). HAV RNA was also detected in 14% of the shellfish samples collected in central Italy (Macaluso et al 2006). In the study, a significant association between HAV presence and shellfish type analysed was observed (P \ 0.01), as 26% of the clam samples were detected positive compared to 5% of oyster and mussel samples.…”

Section: Spainmentioning

confidence: 96%

Human Enteric Viruses Occurrence in Shellfish from European Markets

Boxman

2010

Food Environ Virol

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Different sources were consulted to obtain information on the occurrence of viruses in bivalve molluscs on the European market. Twenty-six peer-reviewed articles were identified reporting on the molecular detection of viral RNA in 4,260 samples in total. The data obtained will be presented geographically on virus types detected, the origin and treatment of the shellfish, and the detection technique applied. The data demonstrate that viral RNA can be detected in shellfish from polluted areas, in depurated shellfish as well as those for human consumption. The European Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) database was consulted as another source. Twenty-eight notifications were identified on the presence of hepatitis A virus or norovirus in shellfish on the European market. The most recent report of the European laboratory network was referred to, to gain insight into the laboratory capability at present for the analyses of shellfish on the presence of viruses. Approximately 67% of 27 participating laboratories obtained intended results for all samples, consisting of lenticules loaded with 10 3 copies norovirus (genogroup I (GGI) and/or genogroup II (GGII)) and/or 1 9 10 5 -8 9 10 4 copies of hepatitis A virus. From 1993, there has been a continuous development of molecular detection techniques and tools have been described to ensure quality assurance. End product testing will, however, not be achievable. As depuration has been shown not to be effective for the complete elimination of viruses, shellfish should not be in contact with faecal contaminated water in order to minimise the risk of shellfish-transmittable viral diseases.

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“…HAV positive shellfish has been reported all over European countries, such as Greece (4% HAV prevalence), Spain (3-75%), United Kingdom (1%) (Formiga-Cruz et al 2002;Pint o et al 2009;Manso et al 2010;Polo et al 2015), Poland (7Á5%) (Bigoraj et al 2014) and Italy (0Á9-23Á2%) (Macaluso et al 2006;Suffredini et al 2014;Iaconelli et al 2015;Purpari et al 2019).…”

Section: Prevalence Levels and Risk Associated With Hav In Foodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Hepatitis A infections from food

Randazzo

Sánchez

2020

J. Appl. Microbiol.

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Food contaminated by hepatitis A virus (HAV) is responsible of the 2-7% of all HAV outbreaks worldwide. This review provides a description of the HAV characteristics, its infectivity and epidemiological features. In addition, this review compiles existing original papers reporting HAV prevalence, viral titres in foodstuffs and the risk associated with food contamination. The purpose of this revision is to conduct a structured and systematic review of the published molecular procedures for HAV detection in food, including the assessment of its infectivity. based on the analysis of a 168-nucleotide segment of the VP1-2A region, HAV is classified in six genotypes. Genotypes I, II and III, have human origin and are divided into subtypes A and B, while genotypes IV, V and VI cause infections in simians (Desbois et al. 2010). Features of HAV infection The course of hepatitis A ranges from mild to severe, and is typically more severe in adults than in children (<6 years), that are often asymptomatic. Common symptoms associated with acute HAV infection are loss of appetite, fever, headache, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal discomfort, anorexia, myalgia, dark-coloured urine and jaundice. HAV infection develops a lifelong immunity and does not result in chronic infection or chronic liver disease (Lemon et al. 2017). Adults with hepatitis A illness usually develop symptoms after a long incubation period of 14-28 days (up to 50 days) after the exposure, and a high numbers of virus particles are excreted reaching the maximum of up to 10 11 genome copies (gc) per gram of faeces just before the onset of symptoms. The fatality rate in HAV infections is lower than 0Á1%, although in elderly it may rise up to 1Á8-5Á4% (1Á8-5Á4%) (Bosch et al. 2016). Routes of transmission and epidemiology HAV is excreted in faeces and the main route of transmission is from person to person by the faecal-oral route

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Identification and Sequence Analysis of Hepatitis A Virus Detected in Market and Environmental Bivalve Molluscs

Cited by 16 publications

References 21 publications

Hepatitis A incidence and hospital-based seroprevalence in Italy: a nation-wide study

Hepatitis A incidence and hospital-based seroprevalence in Italy: a nation-wide study

Human Enteric Viruses Occurrence in Shellfish from European Markets

Hepatitis A infections from food

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