Identification and quantitative confirmation of dinitropyrenes and 3-nitrobenzanthrone as major mutagens in contaminated sediments

Varel, Urte Lübcke-von; Bataineh, Mahmoud; Lohrmann, Stefanie; Löffler, Ivonne; Schulze, Tobias; Flückiger-Isler, Sini; Neča, Jiřı́; Machala, Miroslav; Brack, Werner

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2012.01.010

Cited by 37 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Several studies have reported NPAH concentrations in the low nanogram per gram range in both freshwater and marine sediments around the world [51,52], including our measurements in southern Lake Michigan sediments [49]. However, information regarding NPAH concentrations in aquatic biota is scarce.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

PAHs, nitro‐PAHs, hopanes, and steranes in lake trout from Lake Michigan

Huang

Chernyak

Batterman

2014

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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The present study examines concentrations and risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), nitro-PAHs (NPAHs), steranes, and hopanes in lake trout collected in Lake Michigan. A total of 74 fish were collected in 2 seasons at 3 offshore sites. The total PAH concentration (Σ9PAH) in whole fish ranged from 223 pg/g to 1704 pg/g wet weight, and PAH concentrations and profiles were similar across season, site, and sex. The total NPAH (Σ9NPAH) concentrations ranged from 0.2 pg/g to 31 pg/g wet weight, and carcinogenic compounds, including 1-nitropyrene and 6-nitrochrysene, were detected. In the fall, NPAH concentrations were low at the Illinois site (0.2–0.5 pg/g wet wt), and site profiles differed considerably; in the spring, concentrations and profiles were similar across sites, possibly reflecting changes in fish behavior. In the fall, the total sterane (Σ5Sterane) and total hopane (Σ2Hopane) levels reached 808 pg/g and 141 pg/g wet weight, respectively, but concentrations in the spring were 10 times lower. Concentrations in eggs (fall only) were on the same order of magnitude as those in whole fish. These results demonstrate the presence of target semivolatile organic compounds in a top predator fish, and are consistent with PAH biodilution observed previously. Using the available toxicity information for PAHs and NPAHs, the expected cancer risk from consumption of lake trout sampled are low. However, NPAHs contributed a significant portion of the toxic equivalencies in some samples. The present study provides the first measurements of NPAHs in freshwater fish, and results suggest that additional assessment is warranted.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

PAHs, nitro‐PAHs, hopanes, and steranes in lake trout from Lake Michigan

Huang

Chernyak

Batterman

2014

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…RP-HPLC is the most commonly used technique, usually with a gradient of water and methanol or acetonitrile as mobile phase (e.g. Hewitt et al, 2000;Grung et al, 2007;Lübcke-von Varel et al, 2012). NP-HPLC can be a powerful tool to fractionate compounds in sediment extracts for example (Kaisarevic et al, 2009;Fang et al, 2014).…”

Section: Chemical Tools For the Fractionation Stepmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, for each sample, chemical fractionation can quickly generate a large number of fractions that all have to be tested (e.g. Lübcke-von Varel et al, 2012;Zaja et al, 2013). Therefore, scientists performing EDA or other large biological studies are more likely to use in vitro assays due to the medium to high throughput screening capacity of these assays.…”

Section: High-throughput Bioassays: the Solution For Intensive Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Automated high-throughput in vitro screening of the acetylcholine esterase inhibiting potential of environmental samples, mixtures and single compounds

Froment

Thomas

Tollefsen

2016

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

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A high-throughput and automated assay for testing the presence of acetylcholine esterase (AChE) inhibiting compounds was developed, validated and applied to screen different types of environmental samples. Automation involved using the assay in 96-well plates and adapting it for the use with an automated workstation. Validation was performed by comparing the results of the automated assay with that of a previously validated and standardised assay for two known AChE inhibitors (paraoxon and dichlorvos). The results show that the assay provides similar concentration-response curves (CRCs) when run according to the manual and automated protocol. Automation of the assay resulted in a reduction in assay run time as well as in intra- and inter-assay variations. High-quality CRCs were obtained for both of the model AChE inhibitors (dichlorvos IC50=120µM and paraoxon IC50=0.56µM) when tested alone. The effect of co-exposure of an equipotent binary mixture of the two chemicals were consistent with predictions of additivity and best described by the concentration addition model for combined toxicity. Extracts of different environmental samples (landfill leachate, wastewater treatment plant effluent, and road tunnel construction run-off) were then screened for AChE inhibiting activity using the automated bioassay, with only landfill leachate shown to contain potential AChE inhibitors. Potential uses and limitations of the assay were discussed based on the present results.

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“…While NPAHs were not detected in pond stations in the Twin Cities, MN, metropolitan area (Crane, 2014), NPAHs including 2-nitrofluorene, 1-nitropyrene and 6-nitrochrysene were detected at ppb to ppm levels in Varney Pond, White Bear Lake, MN (MDH, 2011). In Europe, NPAHs including nitronaphthalenes, 9-nitronaphthalene, 1-nitropyrene, 6-nitrochrysene and dinitropyrenes have been found at ppb levels in sediments from the Elbe River basin, Germany and Czech Republic (Lübcke-von Varel et al, 2012; Lubcke-von Varel et al, 2011). In sediments of the Suimon River, Japan, 1-nitropyrene and 2-nitrofulorene were measured at ppb levels (Sato et al, 1985).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), nitro-PAHs, and hopane and sterane biomarkers in sediments of southern Lake Michigan, USA

Huang

Chernyak

Batterman

2014

Science of The Total Environment

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PAHs in the Great Lakes basin are of concern due to their toxicity and persistence in bottom sediments. Their nitro derivatives, nitro-PAHs (NPAHs), which can have stronger carcinogenic and mutagenic activity than parent PAHs, may follow similar transport routes and also are accumulated in sediments. Limited information exists regarding the current distribution, trends and loadings of these compounds, especially NPAHs, in Lake Michigan sediments. This study characterizes PAHs, NPAHs, and biomarkers steranes and hopanes in surface sediments collected at 24 offshore sites in southern Lake Michigan. The ΣPAH14 (sum of 14 compounds) ranged from 213 to 1291 ng/g dry weight (dw) across the sites, levels that are 2 to 10 times lower than those reported 20 to 30 years earlier. Compared to consensus-based sediment quality guidelines, PAH concentrations suggest very low risk to benthic organisms. The ΣNPAH5 concentration ranged from 2.9 to 18.6 ng/g dw, and included carcinogenic compounds 1-nitropyrene and 6-nitrochrysene. ΣSterane6 and ΣHopane5 concentrations ranged from 6.2 to 36 and 98 to 355 ng/g dw, respectively. Based on these concentrations, Lake Michigan is approximately receiving 11, 0.16, 0.25 and 3.6 metric tons per year (t/yr) of ΣPAH14, ΣNPAH5, ΣSterane6 and ΣHopane5, respectively. Maps of OC-adjusted concentrations display that concentrations decline with increasing off-shore distance. The major sources of PAHs and NPAHs are pyrogenic in nature, based on diagnostic ratios. Using chemical mass balance models, sources were apportioned to emissions from diesel engines (56±18%), coal power plants (27±14%), coal-tar pavement sealants (16±11%), and coke ovens (7±12%). The biomarkers identify a combination of petrogenic and biogenic sources, with the southern end of the lake more impacted by petroleum. This first report of NPAHs levels in sediments of Lake Michigan reveals several carcinogenic compounds at modest concentrations, and a need for further work to assess potential risks to aquatic organisms.

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Identification and quantitative confirmation of dinitropyrenes and 3-nitrobenzanthrone as major mutagens in contaminated sediments

Cited by 37 publications

References 41 publications

PAHs, nitro‐PAHs, hopanes, and steranes in lake trout from Lake Michigan

PAHs, nitro‐PAHs, hopanes, and steranes in lake trout from Lake Michigan

Automated high-throughput in vitro screening of the acetylcholine esterase inhibiting potential of environmental samples, mixtures and single compounds

PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), nitro-PAHs, and hopane and sterane biomarkers in sediments of southern Lake Michigan, USA

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