Identification and quantitative analysis of degradation products of chlorhexidine with chlorhexidine‐resistant bacteria with three‐dimensional high performance liquid chromatography

Ogase, Hirofumi; Nagai, Isao; Kameda, Kensuke; Kume, Shoko; Ono, Shohei

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1992.tb04972.x

Cited by 13 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(2 reference statements)

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“…The nature and composition of these layers depend on the organism type and may act as a permeability barrier, in which there may be a reduced uptake (422,428). Alternatively but less commonly, constitutively synthesized enzymes may bring about degradation of a compound (43,214,358). Intrinsic (innate) resistance is thus a natural, chromosomally controlled property of a bacterial cell that enables it to circumvent the action of an antiseptic or disinfectant.…”

Section: Intrinsic Bacterial Resistance Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antiseptics and Disinfectants: Activity, Action, and Resistance

McDonnell¹,

1999

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SUMMARY Antiseptics and disinfectants are extensively used in hospitals and other health care settings for a variety of topical and hard-surface applications. A wide variety of active chemical agents (biocides) are found in these products, many of which have been used for hundreds of years, including alcohols, phenols, iodine, and chlorine. Most of these active agents demonstrate broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity; however, little is known about the mode of action of these agents in comparison to antibiotics. This review considers what is known about the mode of action and spectrum of activity of antiseptics and disinfectants. The widespread use of these products has prompted some speculation on the development of microbial resistance, in particular whether antibiotic resistance is induced by antiseptics or disinfectants. Known mechanisms of microbial resistance (both intrinsic and acquired) to biocides are reviewed, with emphasis on the clinical implications of these reports.

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Section: Intrinsic Bacterial Resistance Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antiseptics and Disinfectants: Activity, Action, and Resistance

McDonnell¹,

1999

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“…Impermeability of the outer membrane to chlorhexidine has been implicated in Pseudomonas, Proteus, and Providencia (12,18 (12,18). A chlorhexidine-degrading enzyme has been discovered in Achromobacter xylosoxidans (14). We demonstrated that transformation of cepA-containing phagemid into XLOLR resulted in significant elevation of chlorhexidine MICs.…”

mentioning

confidence: 85%

Cloning of a Cation Efflux Pump Gene Associated with Chlorhexidine Resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae

Fang

Chen

Chuang

et al. 2002

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Expression libraries of a chlorhexidine-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae strain were constructed and transformed into Escherichia coli XLOLR. Twenty chlorhexidine-resistant transformants were obtained after selection. All clones contained a novel 903-nucleotide locus. Its sequences were compatible with a cation efflux pump, and the locus was thus designated as cepA. Retransformation using cepA-containing plasmids conferred chlorhexidine resistance to both XLOLR and a chlorhexidine-sensitive K. pneumoniae strain. Therefore, CepA is associated with chlorhexidine resistance and may act as a cation efflux pump.

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“…and Providencia stuartii (Russell & Russell 1995;Russell & Chopra 1996;Russell et al 1997;McDonnell & Russell 1999;Stickler & King 1999). It has also been proposed that chlorhexidine-resistant bacteria can degrade the bisbiguanide (Ogase et al 1992). Physiological (phenotypic) adaptation can modulate the intrinsic insusceptibility of cells to biocides, e.g.…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Bacterial Resistance To Biocidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do Biocides Select for Antibiotic Resistance?

2000

Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

157

100

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Some similarities exist between bacterial resistance to antibiotics and to biocides, and gram-negative bacteria that have developed resistance to cationic biocides may also be insusceptible to some antibiotics. Outer membrane changes are believed to be responsible for this non-specific increase in resistance. Efflux, another important resistance mechanism, is associated with the qacA/B gene system in staphylococci that confers low-level resistance to cationic agents including chlorhexidine salts and quaternary ammonium compounds. It has been proposed that the introduction into clinical practice of chlorhexidine and quaternary ammonium compounds has resulted in the selection of staphylococci containing qacA genes on multiresistance plasmids. A linkage between low-level resistance to triclosan and to antibiotics has recently been claimed to occur in Escherichia coli, with the bisphenol selecting for chromosomally-mediated antibiotic resistance. A key issue in many studies has been the use of biocides at concentrations significantly below those used clinically. It remains to be determined how an increase to low-level resistance to cationic biocides can be held responsible for the selection of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

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Identification and quantitative analysis of degradation products of chlorhexidine with chlorhexidine‐resistant bacteria with three‐dimensional high performance liquid chromatography

Cited by 13 publications

References 12 publications

Antiseptics and Disinfectants: Activity, Action, and Resistance

Antiseptics and Disinfectants: Activity, Action, and Resistance

Cloning of a Cation Efflux Pump Gene Associated with Chlorhexidine Resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae

Do Biocides Select for Antibiotic Resistance?

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