Identification and quantification of some pesticide metabolites from vegetables by GC-TOF-MS and LC-MS-QQQ

Abstract

ABSTRACT. Considering the international situation regarding the residues of pesticides in vegetables and fruits and the requirement for sensitive and reliable analytical methods that are able to ensure the compliance of marketed food commodities with the law on food safety, the aim of this paper was the identification and determination of some degradation products and metabolites of ten most often used pesticides. Two analytical approaches are proposed and used for the development of reliable screening, quantification and confirmation of pesticides metabolites in different vegetables. The proposed methods have different approaches than the other multi-residue methods for vegetables allowing the extensive investigation of previously undetectable or unknown pesticide metabolites in vegetables. These methods were tested on cherry tomato, cucumber, and chili pepper, some of the most widely consumed vegetables. The results suggests that spraying pesticides in high doses lead to high levels of pesticide residues in the case of some studied vegetables and the concentration of metabolites together concentration of parent pesticide must be taken into account in order to establish the MRL's in vegetables and fruits.

Disease diagnostic strategies and emerging analytical metabolomics techniques for waterborne microbial pathogens in vegetable crops—A critical review

“…Supercritical carbon dioxide has a polarity comparable to pentane and has been applied in the extraction of volatiles and essential oils from a variety of plant species (Pourmortazavi & Hajimirsadeghi, 2007;Wang et al, 2012). The main disadvantage of the technique is that specialized equipment is required, even though the approach has the advantage of using tion approaches have been reported (Cui, Guo, et al, 2020;Farrell et al, 2017;Liu et al, 2017;Meghesan-Breja et al, 2017;Rahman et al, 2018;Sturtevant et al, 2016). After ionization and ion trans- Currently with the innovative introduction of LC-MS with different ionization sources and mass analysers, there are new possibilities for the characterization of metabolic volatiles and the direct analysis of pools of non-volatile metabolic precursors that are normally present in biological systems (Vuckovic et al, 2010).…”

“…Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical chemistry technique that helps identify the amount and type of chemicals present in a sample by measuring the mass‐to‐charge ratio and abundance of gas‐phase ions. For liquid sample introduction, electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI), multimode ionization (MMI), matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) ionization approaches have been reported (Cui, Guo, et al, 2020; Farrell et al, 2017; Liu et al, 2017; Meghesan‐Breja et al, 2017; Rahman et al, 2018; Sturtevant et al, 2016). After ionization and ion transport, the analytes in the sample go into the mass analyser.…”

Analysis of Pesticide Levels in Honey and Pollen from Irish Honey Bee Colonies Using a Modified Dutch Mini-Luke Method with Gas and Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Detection

“…The NL method is a good all-round extraction method that works well with various pesticide–matrix combinations including fruits, vegetables, honey, and cereals. ,, It provides clean extracts and gives better recoveries with pH-sensitive compounds . Moreover, it allows for the detection of multiple classes of compounds such as organochlorines, organophosphates, organonitrogen, hydrocarbons, and neonicotinoids, and it is suitable for the recovery of polar and nonpolar compounds. , Further, the NL method is compatible with numerous multiresidue detection technologies such as gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), etc. , The Luke method, known for its reliability in detecting pesticides in fruits and vegetables since the 1980s, has been used in the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) pesticide residue analysis and remains the preferred choice for residue analysis in federal and state laboratories in the United States, , as well as in some European countries.…”

“…13,16 Further, the NL method is compatible with numerous multiresidue detection technologies such as gas chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), liquid chromatography−tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), etc. 21,22 The Luke method, known for its reliability in detecting pesticides in fruits and vegetables since the 1980s, 23 has been used in the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) pesticide residue analysis and remains the preferred the chemicals as well as some materials (e.g., 250 mL poly-(tetrafluoroethylene) [PTFE] centrifuge tubes, 250 mL roundedbottom flasks, and 0.2 μm syringe sterilized disposable filters). All analytical standards were provided by LGC U.K., Sigma-Aldrich (Ireland), and Analab Ireland Ltd.…”

Rapid detection of iprodione in cucumber and apple using an immunochromatographic strip test

“…The present state of fungicides residue analysis uses modern techniques such as gas chromatography (GC) (Guedes et al, 2014;Jahanmard, Ansari, & Feizi, 2016;Meghesan-Breja, Cimpoiu, & Hosu, 2017), high performance liquid chromatography (Carlucci, Di Pasquale, Ruggieri, & Mazzeo, 2005;Kaihara, Yoshii, Tsumura, Ishimitsu, & Tonogai, 2002;Martel & Porthault, 2000) and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) (Gilbert-Lopez, Garcia-Reyes, Mezcua, Molina-Diaz, & Fernandez-Alba, 2007;Kaihara et al, 2002;Meghesan-Breja et al, 2017). These chromatographic methods for fungicides residue analysis require both extraction and clean-up procedures.…”