Identification and quantification of products formed via photolysis of decabromodiphenyl ether

Christiansson, Anna; Eriksson, Johan; Teclechiel, Daniel; Bergman, Åke

doi:10.1007/s11356-009-0150-4

Cited by 81 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Previous studies have found that the smaller the quantity of bromide in PBDEs, the faster the degradation (of the PBDEs) through biodegradation [11] or photolysis [14]. The results from our study showed that about 40% of the BDE 15 underwent declining extractable concentration, while no dissipation of BDE 209 was observed.…”

Section: Bde 209 and Bde 15 Degradation In Soil Samplessupporting

confidence: 51%

“…Among the 209 PBDE congeners, 2,2 ,3,3 ,4,4 ,5,5 ,6,6 -decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) is the primary component in a commonly used flame retardant, which constitutes approximately 80% of the worldwide use of PBDEs. Moreover, BDE 209 has been shown to be a source of lower brominated diphenyl ether congeners [13][14][15]. As potential degradation products of higher BDEs in the environment, it is necessary to take into account its effect on the soil microorganisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Effect of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) and dibromodiphenyl ether (BDE 15) on soil microbial activity and bacterial community composition

Liu

Zhu

Xiao

et al. 2011

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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Section: Bde 209 and Bde 15 Degradation In Soil Samplessupporting

confidence: 51%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) and dibromodiphenyl ether (BDE 15) on soil microbial activity and bacterial community composition

Liu

Zhu

Xiao

et al. 2011

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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“…PBDE congeners may undergo photolysis Christiansson et al, 2009) and reductive debromination Granelli et al, 2010) but are less sensitive to nucleophilic aromatic substitution (NAS) and oxidations (Rahm et al, 2005;Moreira Bastos et al, 2008). However, BDE-209 undergoes NAS.…”

Section: Chemical Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Food

2011

EFS2

195

147

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EFSA was asked by the European Commission to deliver a scientific opinion on polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in food. PBDEs are additive flame retardants which are applied in plastics, textiles, electronic castings and circuitry. PBDEs are ubiquitously present in the environment and likewise in biota and in food and feed. Data from the analysis of 19 PBDE congeners in 3,971 food samples were provided to EFSA by 11 European countries. Eight congeners were considered by the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) to be of primary interest: . The highest dietary exposure is to . Toxicity studies were carried out with technical PBDE mixtures or individual congeners. Main targets were the liver, thyroid hormone homeostasis and the reproductive and nervous system. PBDEs cause DNA damage through the induction of reactive oxygen species. The Panel identified effects on neurodevelopment as the critical endpoint, and derived benchmark doses (BMDs) and their corresponding lower 95 % confidence limit for a benchmark response of 10 %, BMDL 10 s, for a number of PBDE congeners: BDE-47, 309 μg/kg b.w.; BDE-99, 12 μg/kg b.w.; BDE-153, 83 μg/kg b.w.; BDE-209, 1,700 μg/kg b.w. Due to the limitations and uncertainties in the current database, the Panel concluded that it was inappropriate to use these BMDLs to establish health based guidance values, and instead used a margin of exposure (MOE) approach for the health risk assessment. Since elimination characteristics of PBDE congeners in animals and humans differ considerably, the Panel used the body burden as starting point for the MOE approach. The CONTAM Panel concluded that for BDE-47, -153 and -209 current dietary exposure in the EU does not raise a health concern. For BDE-99 there is a potential health concern with respect to current dietary exposure. 4 The term "intra-species" has been replaced by "inter-species" in the Summary and in Chapter 9.1. The chemical stability of the PBDE congeners varies with the individual structure. In general PBDE congeners with up to three bromine substituents and those with nine or ten bromine substituents are more sensitive to abiotic transformations. PBDE congeners with four to eight bromine substituents show the highest stability. PBDE congeners are particularly susceptible to photolysis, reductive debromination and radical reactions whereas they are less susceptible to oxidation and hydrolysis. In general, PBDE congeners are persistent and bioaccumulative with the exception of BDE-209 bioaccumulative properties of which seem to be species dependent. BDE-209 undergoes debromination reactions both in the abiotic environment and in biota, leading to formation of PBDE congeners containing seven to nine bromine atoms. © European Food SafetyBased on the composition of the technical PBDE mixtures, occurrence in the environment and in food, the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) considered the following eight PBDE congeners to be of primary interest: which are relevant for dietary PBDE exposur...

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“…The widespread use of PBDEs in items commonly found in homes leads to contamination of the indoor environment, particularly of household dust (12,13). Once in the environment, PBDEs can debrominate to form lower BDE congeners and can also form other products, such as bromophenols, furans and dioxins (14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19). The relevance of debromination to human exposure may be most pronounced for BDE-209, the dominant congener in dust (20,21).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

BDE-209 in the Australian Environment: Desktop review

English

Toms

Gallen

et al. 2016

Journal of Hazardous Materials

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The commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardant mixture c-decaBDE is now being considered for listing on the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. The aim of our study was to review the literature regarding the use and detection of BDE-209, a major component of c-decaBDE, in consumer products and provide a best estimate of goods that are likely to contain BDE-209 in Australia. This review is part of a larger study, which will include quantitative testing of items to assess for BDE-209. The findings of this desktop review will be used to determine which items should be prioritized for quantitative testing. We identified that electronics, particularly televisions, computers, small household appliances and power boards, were the items that were most likely to contain BDE-209 in Australia. Further testing of these items should include items of various ages. Several other items were identified as high priority for future testing, including transport vehicles, building materials and textiles in non-domestic settings. The findings from this study will aid in the development of appropriate policies, should listing of c-decaBDE on the Stockholm Convention and Australia's ratification of that listing proceed.

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Identification and quantification of products formed via photolysis of decabromodiphenyl ether

Cited by 81 publications

References 49 publications

Effect of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) and dibromodiphenyl ether (BDE 15) on soil microbial activity and bacterial community composition

Effect of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE 209) and dibromodiphenyl ether (BDE 15) on soil microbial activity and bacterial community composition

Scientific Opinion on Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Food

BDE-209 in the Australian Environment: Desktop review

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