Identification and Quantification of Phthalate Pollution in Holothuria atra, a Sea Cucumber from the Persian Gulf (Iran)

Sharifi, Mohsen; Yegdaneh, Afsaneh; Sajjadi, Seyed Ebrahim; Shushizadeh, Mohammad Reza

doi:10.5812/jjnpp.65055

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…This is why the recorded concentration was relatively high. Our results are in agreement with the literature mentioning the ingestion of microplastic by some sea cucumber species: Thyonella gemmate, Cucumaria frondosa, H. floridana, H. grisea and H. atra (Graham & Thompson, 2009;Sharifi et al, 2017). Furthermore, the identified molecules in the extracts of sea cucumber H. forskali body wall have been reported in other sea cucumber species but in different amounts (Van Dyck et al, 2009; Dhinakaran & Lipton, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

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Antibacterial activities and bioactive compounds of the ethyl acetate extract of the sea cucumberHolothuria forskalifrom Tunisian coasts

et al. 2020

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Previous scientific studies have listed chemical compounds from sea cucumber species. The ability to produce bioactive metabolites derives from their response to various ecological stresses and avoidance of predation. In view of this, the present work aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity and quantitatively assess the active components of different organs of the sea cucumber Holothuria foskali collected from the north-east of Tunisia. The antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate extracts was tested against Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It was revealed that Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis were inhibited by the sea cucumber extracts. To identify the composition of these extracts, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (LC-MS) methods were used. The GC-MS revealed the presence of 25 major components, the most concentrated ones were characterized as C26H27N5O6 Morphinan-4,5-epoxy-3,6-diol, 6 amino;C17H31F3O2 3-trifluoroacetoxypentadecane; C31H50O2 Stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol,acetate; C11H14O2 1-Phthalanol,1,3,3-trimethyl 1-phenyl; C30H48O2 Ergosta-5,22-dien-3-ol,acetate and C25H40O2 (9E)-8-Phenyl-9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester; while the LC-MS revealed the presence of eight molecules, identified as phenolic acid, phytosterol and fat-soluble vitamins. Some molecules are interesting and deserve to be explored for their potential uses as ingredients in functional foods or as raw materials for new drug forms.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibacterial activities and bioactive compounds of the ethyl acetate extract of the sea cucumberHolothuria forskalifrom Tunisian coasts

et al. 2020

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“…Phthalate concentration in H. atra from Iran was found to be at a high level. This finding is indicative of environmental contamination due to plastics and it also demonstrates the value of using sea cucumbers as bio-marker for pollutant detection ( Sharifi et al, 2017 ). Several recent studies have addressed microplastics pollution in the AG ( Al-Salem et al, 2020a , Al-Salem et al, 2020b : Saeed et al, 2020 , Uddin et al, 2020 ,), and the findings from these studies invite further research on microplastics and their impacts on benthic deposit feeding invertebrates like sea cucumbers.…”

Section: Ecotoxicologymentioning

confidence: 68%

Sea cucumbers of the Arabian Peninsula and Iran – A review of historical and current research trends

Al-Yaqout

Nithyanandan

Al-Yamani

et al. 2021

Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences

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Sea cucumbers are benthic marine invertebrates with immense ecological and commercial value. Processed sea cucumbers known as “ Beche-de-mer ” are a delicacy in southeast Asian countries with an ever-increasing demand depleting wild stocks on a global scale. Aquaculture techniques are well developed for commercially important species (e.g. Holothuria scabra ) to aid in conservation and trade. In the Arabian Peninsula and Iran, where the major land mass is surrounded by marginal seas (Arabian Gulf, Gulf of Oman, Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden, and Red Sea), studies on sea cucumbers are rather limited and its economic value is underestimated. Historical and current research trends indicate impoverished diversity (82 species) due to environmental extremes. Artisanal fisheries exist for the sea cucumbers of Iran, Oman, and Saudi Arabia, with Yemen and United Arab Emirates (UAE) playing a key role in collection and export to Asian countries. Stock assessment and data on export indicates depletion of natural stocks in Saudi Arabia and Oman. Aquaculture trials of high value species ( H . scabra ) were successful in Saudi Arabia, Oman and Iran with prospects for further expansion. Research on ecotoxicological properties and bioactive substances conducted in Iran demonstrates an immense research potential. Molecular phylogeny, biology, use in bioremediation, and characterisation of bioactive compounds were identified as potential gaps in research. Expanding aquaculture operations could revive exports and recuperate damaged stocks through sea ranching. Furthermore, regional cooperation, networking, training, and capacity building could help fill the gaps in sea cucumber research, which will aid in its effective conservation and management.

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“…In addition to the uptake of MNPs, plastic-associated chemicals (e.g. phthalates) and heavy metals [137][138][139] adsorbed onto MNPs from the environment are found to transfer into the tissues of the sea cucumbers. The impacts of this, and their role in the effects of MNPs have not yet been elucidated.…”

Section: Association and Impact On Coral Reef Biotamentioning

confidence: 99%

Microplastics: impacts on corals and other reef organisms

Pantos

2022

Emerging Topics in Life Sciences

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Plastic pollution in a growing problem globally. In addition to the continuous flow of plastic particles to the environment from direct sources, and through the natural wear and tear of items, the plastics that are already there have the potential to breakdown further and therefore provide an immense source of plastic particles. With the continued rise in levels of plastic production, and consequently increasing levels entering our marine environments it is imperative that we understand its impacts. There is evidence microplastic and nanoplastic (MNP) pose a serious threat to all the world's marine ecosystems and biota, across all taxa and trophic levels, having individual- to ecosystem-level impacts, although these impacts are not fully understood. Microplastics (MPs; 0.1–5 mm) have been consistently found associated with the biota, water and sediments of all coral reefs studied, but due to limitations in the current techniques, a knowledge gap exists for the level of nanoplastic (NP; <1 µm). This is of particular concern as it is this size fraction that is thought to pose the greatest risk due to their ability to translocate into different organs and across cell membranes. Furthermore, few studies have examined the interactions of MNP exposure and other anthropogenic stressors such as ocean acidification and rising temperature. To support the decision-making required to protect these ecosystems, an advancement in standardised methods for the assessment of both MP and NPs is essential. This knowledge, and that of predicted levels can then be used to determine potential impacts more accurately.

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Identification and Quantification of Phthalate Pollution in Holothuria atra, a Sea Cucumber from the Persian Gulf (Iran)

Cited by 8 publications

References 23 publications

Antibacterial activities and bioactive compounds of the ethyl acetate extract of the sea cucumberHolothuria forskalifrom Tunisian coasts

Antibacterial activities and bioactive compounds of the ethyl acetate extract of the sea cucumberHolothuria forskalifrom Tunisian coasts

Sea cucumbers of the Arabian Peninsula and Iran – A review of historical and current research trends

Microplastics: impacts on corals and other reef organisms

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