“…The degradation of these inhibitory compounds has been widely demonstrated in many bacterial species, particularly for phenolics, where meta/ortho-cleavage and β-ketoadipate pathways are used for phenolic compound degradation 125-128. Phenolic degradation pathways have been previously described in Gram positive bacteria genera, such as Aerobacter
129 Arthrobacter
130, Bacillus
131-135, Lactobacillus
136, 137, Rhodococcus 138 and Paenibacillus 139, as well as in Gram negative bacteria genera such as Acinetobacter
140, Comamonas
141, 142, Enterobacter
143, Escherichia 144-148, Klebsiella
149, Pseudomonas
150-153 and Sphingomonas
154, 155. It has been shown that these microorganisms have evolved with abilities to degrade phenolics such as ferulic acid, vanillic acid, protocatechuic acid, and catechol, and be able to break them down into simple products via series of enzymatic processes, which can then channelled into the TCA and/or glyoxylate cycle(s) to produce energy (Figure 5) 125-128, 131, 139, 147, 150.…”