Identification and Evaluation of Cryptosporidium Species from New York City Cases of Cryptosporidiosis (2015 to 2018): a Watershed Perspective

Abstract

It is important to identify the species causing human cryptosporidiosis in a population in order to investigate possible sources or routes of contamination. Many species of Cryptosporidium are host-adapted and therefore have the potential to be tracked back to specific sources that can subsequently be managed.

Cryptosporidium Genomics — Current Understanding, Advances, and Applications

“…Accurately detecting and identifying Cryptosporidium sp. in an outbreak, based on genomic data, facilitate inquiries into the source of the outbreak and, on a broader scale, the epidemiology of the disease [ 63 ].…”

Cryptosporidium and Giardia in cats and dogs: What is the real zoonotic risk?

“…1.8% (10/547) of typed samples USA Alderisio et al (2023) 1 Patients with diarrhoea Zambia Mulunda et al (2020) 2 One patient infected while on holiday in India and second patient had “contact with a kitten with diarrhoea 3 weeks before disease onset” Sweden Insulander et al (2013) C. canis 1 School children (10% prevalence) Angola Dacal et al (2018) 1 HIV+ patients Brazil Lucca et al (2009) 5 Symptomatic children attending hospital Cambodia Moore et al (2016) 1 Hospitalised children (median 36 months-old) China Feng et al (2012) 2 Both with non-gastrointestinal illnesses China Liu et al (2020) 18 40% (12/30) of dog owners and 24% of (6/25) dog shelter workers Egypt Khalifa et al (2023) 2 HIV+/AIDS patients Ethiopia Adamu et al (2014) 4 3 HIV+ patients France ANOFEL Cryptosporidium National Network (2010) 3 40% immunodeficient patients France Costa et al (2020) ...…”

Host-specific Cryptosporidium, Giardia and Enterocytozoon bieneusi in shelter dogs from central Europe

“…Assemblages A and B display a broad host range and are most commonly reported in humans, while the remaining 6 seem to be host-specific for non-human species, with assemblages C and D predominantly found in dogs (Bouzid et al ., 2015; Ryan and Zahedi, 2019). Among nearly 51 valid Cryptosporidium species (Tůmová et al ., 2023), Cryptosporidium hominis and Cryptosporidium parvum represent the major causes of human cryptosporidiosis, whereas Cryptosporidium meleagridis , Cryptosporidium mortiferum , Cryptosporidium felis and Cryptosporidium canis are rare causative agents of zoonotic infections, with the latter being the most prevalent in dogs (Xu et al ., 2016; Li et al ., 2021; Alderisio et al ., 2023). Out of over 1200 microsporidian species described so far, Enterocytozoon bieneusi and Encephalitozoon genus, including Encephalitozoon intestinalis , Encephalitozoon cuniculi and Encephalitozoon hellem , represent the species causing human microsporidiosis (Didier et al ., 2000), especially in persons with impaired immunity (Kicia et al ., 2014, 2016).…”