“…In the body, CS 2 is metabolized to 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA, molecular weight 162.2 g/mol), which has been used as a biomarker of exposure to CS 2 (Van Doorn et al 1981;Drexler et al 1994). However, to the best of our knowledge, measurements of TTCA in urine from rubber workers have only been presented in a few publications (Cox et al 1998;Vermeulen et al 2005).…”
“…In the body, CS 2 is metabolized to 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA, molecular weight 162.2 g/mol), which has been used as a biomarker of exposure to CS 2 (Van Doorn et al 1981;Drexler et al 1994). However, to the best of our knowledge, measurements of TTCA in urine from rubber workers have only been presented in a few publications (Cox et al 1998;Vermeulen et al 2005).…”
“…Poor specificity and low sensitivity of the iodine azide test were well known but became more evident with the lowering of the TLV and the parallel decrease of CS 2 concentrations in the working environments. The discovery by Van Doorn in the urine of workers exposed to CS 2 , of 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA), a heterocyclic compound formed in the body by direct reaction between CS 2 and glutathione, allowed a more specific approach to the evaluation of exposure [Van Doorn et al, 1981]. The concentration of TTCA in urine seems quantitatively related to the uptake of CS 2 when end of shift urine samples are used [Cox et al, 1992].…”
Section: Biological Monitoring Of Cs 2 Exposurementioning
“…The main sources of TTCA between exposed and unexposed workers are different (work-related exposure of CS 2 vs endogenous TTCA in cruciferous vegetables) (8,18). The level of TTCA was analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry as previously described (19).…”
Section: Analysis Of Ttca In Urinementioning
confidence: 99%
“…In the rubber industry, CS 2 is formed during the vulcanization process due to decomposition of dithiocarbamates and thiurams (7), which are used as accelerators. In the human body, CS 2 is metabolized to 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA), which is excreted in the urine and traditionally has been used as a marker of CS 2 (8,9). Our group (10) has previously observed elevated levels of urinary TTCA among rubber workers compared to unexposed workers.…”
were 159 rubber exposed and 118 not-rubber exposed workers. Lung function was analyzed as forced vital capacity percent of predicted and forced expiratory volume in 1 second percent of predicted. Levels of 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (a marker of carbon disulfide and vulcanization fumes) was assessed with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry.Polymorphisms in glutathione-related genes were analyzed by Taqman-based allelic discrimination and ordinary polymerase chain reaction. Results: There was an association between increasing levels of 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid and impaired lung function among exposed workers. The association was modified by glutathione S-transferase alpha 1 (GSTA1)-52 and GSTP1-114. GSTM1 had an influence on lung function among unexposed workers. Conclusions: There may be a risk of impaired lung function in contemporary rubber workers. Gene-modifying effects may be considered in risk assessments.3
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