Identification and determination of 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in urine of workers exposed to carbon disulfide

Levels of 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA) and effect modification of polymorphisms of glutathione-related genes in vulcanization workers in the southern Sweden rubber industries

“…In the body, CS 2 is metabolized to 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA, molecular weight 162.2 g/mol), which has been used as a biomarker of exposure to CS 2 (Van Doorn et al 1981;Drexler et al 1994). However, to the best of our knowledge, measurements of TTCA in urine from rubber workers have only been presented in a few publications (Cox et al 1998;Vermeulen et al 2005).…”

Biological monitoring of workers exposed to carbon disulfide (CS2) in a viscose rayon fibers factory

“…Poor specificity and low sensitivity of the iodine azide test were well known but became more evident with the lowering of the TLV and the parallel decrease of CS 2 concentrations in the working environments. The discovery by Van Doorn in the urine of workers exposed to CS 2 , of 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA), a heterocyclic compound formed in the body by direct reaction between CS 2 and glutathione, allowed a more specific approach to the evaluation of exposure [Van Doorn et al, 1981]. The concentration of TTCA in urine seems quantitatively related to the uptake of CS 2 when end of shift urine samples are used [Cox et al, 1992].…”

Lung Function in Relation to 2-Thiothiazolidine-4-Carboxylic Acid and Genetic Effect Modification Among Rubber Workers in Sweden

“…The main sources of TTCA between exposed and unexposed workers are different (work-related exposure of CS 2 vs endogenous TTCA in cruciferous vegetables) (8,18). The level of TTCA was analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry as previously described (19).…”

“…In the rubber industry, CS 2 is formed during the vulcanization process due to decomposition of dithiocarbamates and thiurams (7), which are used as accelerators. In the human body, CS 2 is metabolized to 2-thiothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid (TTCA), which is excreted in the urine and traditionally has been used as a marker of CS 2 (8,9). Our group (10) has previously observed elevated levels of urinary TTCA among rubber workers compared to unexposed workers.…”