Identification and Detection of Pathogenic Bacteria in Adenoid Tissue of Adenoidectomized Children: Emergence of Staphylococcus aureus as the Most Prevalent Pathogen

Abstract

Background: Adenoids act as reservoirs for pathogenic bacteria and chronic adenoid infection leads to its hypertrophy. Objectives: The present study aimed to determine the frequency of Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, and Streptococcus pneumoniae in children by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and culture and to determine the antimicrobial resistance patterns of the isolates. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 200 adenoid tissues were taken from children with adenoid hypertrophy in the operating room under general anesthesia conditions. The isolation and detection of bacteria were performed by culture and PCR methods. The antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the isolates were determined by the disc agar diffusion method according to the CLSI guidelines. Results: Staphylococcus aureus was the most common bacterium (102; 51%) isolated by the culture method, followed by S. pneumoniae (44; 22%), M. catarrhalis (33; 16.5%), and H. influenzae (6; 3%). By multiplex PCR, the detection rate of microorganisms was as follows: S. aureus 40.5% (n = 81), S. pneumoniae 15.5% (n = 31), M. catarrhalis 11% (n = 22), and H. influenzae 4% (n = 8). Haemophilus influenzae strains were sensitive to all of the tested antibiotics. Seven S. aureus isolates were resistant to cefoxitin and identified as MRSA. Conclusions: This study showed the importance of S. aureus in the etiology of adenoid hypertrophy as the most frequent isolate. It may be due to the long-term duration of adenoid hypertrophy in children that helps the colonization of S. aureus in adenoid tissue and leads to chronic infection.

Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Moraxella catarrhalis and Haemophilus influenza in Iran; a Systematic Review

“…Isolates from nasolacrimal duct discharge showed the highest sensitivity to ciprofloxacin and vancomycin [10] . The number of H. influenzae strains isolated from sputum, adenoid tissue, and CSF was less than 10; therefor, their results could be different from what actually exists [11,12,16] . The included articles are reviewed in detail in Table 2.…”

“…Eventually, nine articles were included in this study, of which five studies were about H. influenzae [8][9][10][11][12] , and three studies were about M. catarrhalis antibiotic resistance pattern [13][14][15] . One article was about antibiotic resistance of both H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis [16] . These articles and their respective samples were the basis for the current study population.…”

“…Changing epidemiology of Haemophilus influenzae in children... [5] Bartlett JG, Dowell SF, Mandell LA, File Jr TM, Musher DM, Fine MJ. Practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired... [6] Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated... [7] Ouzzani M, Hammady H, Fedorowicz Z, Elmagarmid A. Rayyan: A web and mobile app for systematic reviews... [8] Shooraj F, Mirzaei B, Mousavi SF, Hosseini F. Clonal diversity of Haemophilus influenzae carriage... [9] Eshaghi H, et al Direct detection, capsular typing, and β-lactamase... [10] Eslami F, Ghasemi Basir HR, Moradi A, Heidari Farah S. Microbiological study of dacryocystitis in northwest of Iran... [11] Farajzadeh Sheikh A, Rahimi R, Meghdadi H, Alami A, Saki M. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction detection of Streptococcus... [12] Hadi N, Bagheri K. A five-year retrospective multicenter study on etiology and antibiotic resistance pattern of... [13] Eghbali M, Baserisalehi M, Ghane M. Isolation, identification, and antibacterial susceptibility testing of Moraxella catarrhalis... [14] Mohammad Shafiei P, Baserisalehi M, Mobasherizade S. Investigating the antibiotic resistance prevalence and... [15] Nouri F, et al Prevalence of common nosocomial infections and... [16] Sabz G, Moradi S, Sharifi A, Naghmachi M, Sisakht MT, Khoramrooz SS. Identification and detection of pathogenic... [17] Vaez H, Sahebkar A, Pourfarzi F, Yousefi-Avarvand A, Khademi F. Prevalence of antibiotic resistance of... [18] Kılıç H, Akyol S, Parkan Ö� M, Dinç G, Sav H, Aydemir G. Molecular characterization and antibiotic susceptibility of Haemophilus influenzae... [19] Mather MW, Drinnan M, Perry JD, Powell S, Wilson JA, Powell J.…”

Bacterial profile and their antimicrobial resistance patterns among patients with community‑acquired pneumonia in southwestern Iran

“…Chocolate agar containing clindamycin (1 μg/mL), bacitracin (300 μg/mL) and vancomycin (5 μg/mL) used for H. influenzae in the presence of 5% carbon dioxide. Chocolate agar containing clindamycin (1 μg/mL), bacitracin (300 μg/mL), vancomycin (5 μg/mL) and acetazolamide was used for M. catarrhalis ( 20 ). All of the antibiotics powders used in culture media were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich company (Sigma-Aldrich, Germany).…”

“…The supernatant was transferred to a new vial with 70% ethanol and after precipitation of DNA, repeated with 100% ethanol then draining the ethanol completely, after drying the DNA precipitate, it was dissolved in 100 μl of distilled water and stored as a DNA template at -20°C for further purposes. Bacteria were identified using specific primers (Table 1) by PCR and Multiplex PCR (20)(21)(22)(23). The presence of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and M. catarrhalis in clinical specimens was determined using multiplex PCR.…”