Identification and characterization of chlorine-resistant bacteria from water distribution sites of Mumbai

Jathar, Santosh; Shinde, Disha; Dakhni, Sanabil; Fernandes, Abigail; Jha, Pamela; Desai, Neetin; Jobby, Renitta

doi:10.1007/s00203-021-02503-3

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The isolates were exposed to high concentrations of chlorine to assess their survival potential. In a prior study conducted by Jathar et al [8], only eight out of 89 isolates were found to survive exposure to 20 ppm of chlorine, highlighting the importance of investigating the role of antioxidant enzymes in the survival of bacterial isolates under chlorine stress. The primary objective of this study was to explore the relationship between antioxidant enzyme activity and the survival of bacterial isolates under chlorine stress.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…This indicates that the bacteria are employing a multi-faceted approach to antioxidant defense, which could be crucial for their survival in environments with high oxidative stress. Interestingly, in our previous study, it was observed that the bacteria showed resistance to a broad spectrum of antibiotics and had the ability to produce biofilm, which is also a potential survival mechanism [8]. The ability to produce antioxidant enzymes, along with these other survival mechanisms, could be part of a multi-mechanistic approach that the bacteria employ to survive under challenging conditions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Eight bacterial isolates that were tolerant to 20 ppm of chlorine were isolated from chlorinated drinking water samples procured from 36 reservoirs of the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai [8]. They were identified by 16s rRNA sequencing, and their sequences were deposited in the NCBI GenBank.…”

Section: Bacterial Culturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In our previous study, we isolated chlorine-resistant bacteria from thirty-six reservoirs in the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM). Among the 89 isolates, eight isolates showing the highest (20 ppm) chlorine resistance were identified [8]. These isolates were found to belong to Acinetobacter and Serratia spp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Differential Expression of Antioxidant Enzymes in Chlorine-Resistant Acinetobacter and Serratia spp. Isolated from Water Distribution Sites in Mumbai: A Study on Mechanisms of Chlorine Resistance for Sustainable Water Treatment Strategies

et al. 2023

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Chlorination is a widely used process for disinfecting drinking water, but the emergence of chlorine-resistant bacteria has become a significant concern. While previous research has focused on identifying chlorine-resistant organisms, there has been limited investigation into the mechanisms behind chlorine resistance. Some bacterial isolates that display resistance to chlorine treatment may protect themselves using various mechanisms, including biofilm production, antibiotic resistance, horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes, or producing antioxidant enzymes. Given that chlorination employs hypochlorous acid (HOCl), which is an extremely potent oxidizing agent, the most critical mechanism to investigate is antioxidant enzymes. This study investigated the antioxidant profile of eight chlorine-resistant isolates (three of the Serratia sp. and five of the Acinetobacter) after chlorine exposure. The profiles, both between and within species, were noticeably different. Among the isolates, Acinetobacter junii NA 3-2 showed a significant increase in the specific activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase after exposure to 20 ppm chlorine. In the guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) assay, only isolates belonging to Serratia marcescens showed GPX activity, and Serratia marcescens 3929-1 showed significant increase after exposure to 20 ppm of chlorine. None of the isolates belonging to Acinetobacter spp. showed GPX activity. Additionally, almost all control samples exhibited some enzyme activity, which may explain their survival against chlorine treatment in reservoirs. Principal component analysis revealed no strain-dependent similarities, while the balance of scavenging enzymes changed, as demonstrated in the heat map. Thus, this study suggests that antioxidant enzymes may be one mechanism of protection for some bacterial species against oxidative stress from chlorination, resulting in chlorine resistance. Understanding the mechanism of chlorine resistance is critical to identifying potential solutions. This study highlights the need to consider more modern approaches to disinfecting drinking water.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Bacterial Culturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Differential Expression of Antioxidant Enzymes in Chlorine-Resistant Acinetobacter and Serratia spp. Isolated from Water Distribution Sites in Mumbai: A Study on Mechanisms of Chlorine Resistance for Sustainable Water Treatment Strategies

et al. 2023

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“…It has been documented that chlorine disinfectant failed to inactivate chlorine resistance E. cloacae [20] , Pseudomonas sp. [54] , Acinetobacter [55] in water. Several studies have reported the ability microorganisms to survive in chlorinated water [20,58,59,60] .…”

Section: Bacterialmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation the Impact of Chlorination on Development of Chlorine and Antibiotic Resistant Bacterial Isolates in Public Swimming Pools

Najmuldeen

Razaq

2023

Preprint

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Water is essential for daily life activities; it also serves as a medium for transporting numerous waterborne diseases. This study investigated the bacteriological safety of water in swimming pools in Sulaymaniyah city, Iraq. For this purpose, during summer time (August to September, 2021), sixty-seven water samples were collected from eight indoor public swimming pools. The physicochemical parameters were determined and a bacteriological assessment was done using Most Probable Number test. Then, the diversity of microbial communities was determined using Vitek 2 compact and 16S rRNA. In addition, chlorine resistance test and biofilm formation were quantified using microdilution technique and crystal violet staining method, respectively. Moreover, Kirby- Bauer disk diffusion technique was used to test antimicrobial susceptibility. Variable results of physicochemical analysis were recorded for each of the temperature, pH, and free chlorine ranged between (25.81±1.16 to 28.69±1.03 °C), (7.02±0.24 to 7.46±0.31), (0.12±0.05 to 1.38±1.24 mg L-1), respectively. MPN negative results showed that 80% of water samples was contaminated by non-lactose fermenter bacteria, including Enterobacter cloacae 57.61%, Pseudomonas spp. 16.96% and other major opportunistic pathogens 25.43%. The rate of contamination was strongly correlated with the sources of water used for swimming pool and free chlorine concentrations in the pools. Results of chlorine resistance test revealed variation among all isolated bacteria (1.25 to 5 mg L-1). Moreover, the correlation between different chlorine concentrations with the growth and biofilm formation was exhibited linear negative correlation. Most importantly, strong positive linear correlation was found between bacterial growth and the degree of biofilm formation (r=0.90 to 0.98), also variation in antibiogram profiles were recorded against 15 antibiotics used in this study. It can be concluded that most of the studied swimming pools are heavily contaminated by chlorine and antibiotic resistance waterborne pathogens. Therefore, continuous monitoring and use of maximum permissible chlorine disinfectant is highly recommended.

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Effect of household pipe materials on formation and chlorine resistance of the early-stage biofilm: various interspecific interactions exhibited by the same microbial biofilm in different pipe materials

Shan,

Zheng,

et al. 2024

Arch Microbiol

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Identification and characterization of chlorine-resistant bacteria from water distribution sites of Mumbai

Cited by 9 publications

References 19 publications

Differential Expression of Antioxidant Enzymes in Chlorine-Resistant Acinetobacter and Serratia spp. Isolated from Water Distribution Sites in Mumbai: A Study on Mechanisms of Chlorine Resistance for Sustainable Water Treatment Strategies

Differential Expression of Antioxidant Enzymes in Chlorine-Resistant Acinetobacter and Serratia spp. Isolated from Water Distribution Sites in Mumbai: A Study on Mechanisms of Chlorine Resistance for Sustainable Water Treatment Strategies

Evaluation the Impact of Chlorination on Development of Chlorine and Antibiotic Resistant Bacterial Isolates in Public Swimming Pools

Effect of household pipe materials on formation and chlorine resistance of the early-stage biofilm: various interspecific interactions exhibited by the same microbial biofilm in different pipe materials

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