Identification and Characterization of Campylobacter Species in Livestock, Humans, and Water in Livestock Owning Households of Peri-urban Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A One Health Approach

Abstract

Campylobacter is the most common cause of bacterial infectious diarrhea and acute gastroenteritis globally, and is recognized as a significant zoonotic pathogen. Antimicrobial resistance amongst Campylobacter isolates is a significant global concern. A cross-sectional study was conducted to identify and characterize Campylobacter species in humans, animals and water sources in livestock owning households of peri-urban Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; and to characterize antimicrobial resistance. A total of 519 fecal samples from humans (n = 99), livestock (n = 179), poultry (n = 69), and water (n = 172) were collected. Samples were cultured for viable Campylobacter spp. and multiplex PCR utilized for the identification and confirmation. Antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolates was assessed using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Campylobacter spp. was detected in 67/519 (13.0%) of the total tested samples, and the household level prevalence of Campylobacter was 42.4%. The prevalence of Campylobacter spp. was: humans (10.1%), cattle (18.5%), poultry (13.0%), sheep (13.3%), goats (7.1%), and water (10.5%). Campylobacter jejuni and C. fetus were the most frequently isolated species, followed by C. coli. The majority of isolates obtained from human samples had co-occurrence with isolates from cattle, poultry or water samples from the same household. The use of stored water, the practice of indoor and outdoor manure collecting, and animal species Campylobacter positivity were significantly associated with greater odds of human Campylobacter spp. positivity. All Campylobacter isolates from humans, poultry, sheep, goats and water, and 96.0% of isolates from cattle were resistant to at least one or more of the tested antimicrobials, with 95.5% of isolates resistant to three or more classes of antimicrobials. A One Health approach is recommended to further investigate Campylobacter species infections, and other zoonotic infectious diseases, in the livestock owning populations in Ethiopia, where there is close interaction between humans, animals and the environment.

Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria (Enteropathogens) Recovered from a Blend of Pig Manure and Pinewood Saw Dust during Anaerobic Co-Digestion in a Steel Biodigester

“…(27 MDR phenotypes). In accordance with our findings was the 95.5% resistance to three or more classes of antimicrobials noted by Chala et al [64] of bacterial isolates recovered from humans, animals and water sources in livestock-owning households, residing in the peri-urban areas of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. It is striking and a call for concern that almost all the isolates belonging to Enterobacteriaceae (Yersinia spp., Salmonella spp.…”

Antimicrobial Usage, Susceptibility Profiles, and Resistance Genes in Campylobacter Isolated from Cattle, Chicken, and Water Samples in Kajiado County, Kenya

“…The MDR rate reported in this study is much higher than what has been reported in some European nations; for instance, in Poland, where MDR for Campylobacter isolates from raw chicken meat was 7% [ 40 ]. However, the findings of this study are concordant with some studies in other African countries: 95% of the Campylobacter isolates from broiler in Morocco displayed drug resistance to ≥3 drugs [ 33 ]; 95.5% of isolates from livestock (cattle and shoat), poultry, human, and water in Ethiopia [ 39 ]; 94.7% of the strains from poultry in Ghana [ 47 ], and 32.5% of in Campylobacter isolates from beef cattle in South Africa [ 42 ]. The observed discrepancies in MDR in Campylobacter may possibly be explained by the following: (1) level of intensification and type of production system; (2) the introduction and implementation of legislation to minimize antimicrobial use in livestock in European countries.…”

“…Notably, significant 63.1% ciprofloxacin-resistant isolates (69% C. coli and 60.8% C. jejuni) compared to strains resistant to nalidixic acid at 35.9% (10.3% C. coli and 45.9% C. jejuni ) were reported in this study. The observed resistance to ciprofloxacin is comparable to other studies in Kenya [ 12 ], Ethiopia [ 39 ], and Poland [ 40 ]. The relatively low resistance to nalidixic acid observed in this study is in contrast with those on Campylobacter isolates from backyard chicken in Central Kenya, where resistance to nalidixic acid was observed at 77.4% [ 12 ].…”

Antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni in commercial and smallholder farm animals in the Asante Akim North Municipality of Ghana

“…Frontiers in Microbiology 07 frontiersin.org of farms in peri-urban Addis Ababa, Ethiopia (Chala et al, 2021). Higher Campylobacter frequencies are generally expected in poultry, so the differences in frequencies might be because the latter study was conducted on farms that kept only livestock.…”