Identification and characterization of an esterase involved in malathion resistance in the head louse Pediculus humanus capitis

Kwon, Deok Ho; Kim, Ju Hyeon; Kim, Young Ho; Yoon, Kyong Sup; Clark, J. Marshall; Lee, Si Hyeock

doi:10.1016/j.pestbp.2014.05.006

Cited by 20 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Additionally, up‐regulation of esterase genes has been associated with OP resistance in many other insect species, such as the malathion‐resistant (11‐fold) Lygus lineolaris , where a metabolic resistance mechanism through a 5.1‐fold higher transcription level of esterase gene was identified (Zhu et al ., ). Similar case was also reported in Pediculus humanus capitis , where an esterase gene, HLCbE3 , had a 5.4‐fold higher expression level in a malathion‐resistant strain (3.9‐fold), was responsible for the malathion resistance (Kwon et al ., ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In the present study, we found slightly, but statistically significantly enhanced, levels (1.25‐fold in whole body, P < 0.05; 1.96‐fold in midgut, P < 0.01) of esterase activity in the MR flies compared with those in the MS flies. These results are in agreement with the pronounced increases in esterase activity in some malathion‐resistant insects have been shown to act as a major resistance mechanism (Baker et al ., ; Gong et al ., ; Kwon et al ., ; Zhang et al ., ). For example, CarE‐specific activity in the malathion‐resistant Anisopteromalus calandrae ranged from 10‐ to 30‐fold higher than that in the susceptible strain, indicating that enhanced activity of CarE in the malathion‐resistant strain is the major mechanism conferring resistance in this species (Baker et al ., ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Overexpression of two α-esterase genes mediates metabolic resistance to malathion in the oriental fruit fly,Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)

Wang

Huang

et al. 2015

Insect Molecular Biology

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Esterase has been reported to be involved in malathion resistance in the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel). However, the underlying molecular mechanism of the esterase-mediated resistance remains largely unknown in this species. Here, with the use of a strain selected for malathion resistance in the laboratory (MR), we found that two overexpressed α-esterase genes, namely BdCarE4 and BdCarE6, predominant in the adult midgut and fat body, function in conferring malathion resistance in B. dorsalis. Notably, these two genes were found to be mostly close to the esterase E3, which are usually implicated in detoxifying organophosphate insecticides. The transcript levels of BdCarE4 and BdCarE6 were investigated and compared between the MR and a susceptible (MS) strain of B. dorsalis. Both genes were significantly up-regulated in the MR strain, which was consistent with the enhanced esterase activity in the MR strain. However, no changes in either the coding sequence or gene copy number were observed between the two strains. Subsequently, heterologous expression combined with cytotoxicity assay in Sf9 cells demonstrated that BdCarE4 and BdCarE6 can probably detoxify malathion. Furthermore, RNA interference-mediated knockdown of each of these two genes significantly increased malathion susceptibility in the MR strain adults. In conclusion, these results expand our molecular understanding of the important role of α-esterases during the development of resistance to organophosphorous insecticides in B. dorsalis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overexpression of two α-esterase genes mediates metabolic resistance to malathion in the oriental fruit fly,Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)

Wang

Huang

et al. 2015

Insect Molecular Biology

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“…Possible resistance mechanisms include knockdownresistance in the case of permethrin, which is the result of three-point mutations (M815I, T917I, and L920) within the αsubunit gene of the voltage-gated sodium channel, and enhanced activity of a carboxylesterase enzyme was found to be chiefly responsible for the resistance to malathion (Clark, 2009;Kwon et al, 2014). Recently, a researcher from our team documented the first field resistance to ivermectin observed in head lice recovered in rural populations from Senegal (Diatta et al, 2016).…”

Section: Insecticide Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

Where Are We With Human Lice? A Review of the Current State of Knowledge

Amanzougaghene

Fénollar

Raoult

et al. 2020

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Pediculus humanus is an obligate bloodsucking ectoparasite of human that includes two ecotypes, head louse and body louse, which differ slightly in morphology and biology, but have distinct ecologies. Phylogenetically, they are classified on six mitochondrial clades (A, B, C, D, E, and F), head louse encompasses the full genetic diversity of clades, while body louse belongs to clades A and D. Recent studies suggested that not only body louse, but also head louse can transmit disease, which warrants greater attention as a serious public health problem. The recent sequencing of body louse genome confirmed that P. humanus has the smallest genome of any hemimetabolous insect reported to date, and also revealed numerous interesting characteristics in the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. The transcriptome analyses showed that body and head lice were almost genetically identical. Indeed, the phenotypic flexibility associated with the emergence of body lice, is probably a result of regulatory changes, perhaps epigenetic in origin, triggered by environmental signals. Current lice control strategies have proven unsuccessful. For instance, ivermectin represents a relatively new and very promising pediculicide. However, ivermectin resistance in the field has begun to be reported. Therefore, novel opportunities for pest control strategies are needed. Our objective here is to review the current state of knowledge on the biology, epidemiology, phylogeny, disease-vector and control of this fascinating and very intimate human parasite.

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“…However, many of the most widely used pediculicides have become ineffective as a result of the spread of resistant strains [see Durand et al (2012) and references therein] and, as many pediculicides share common chemistry and targets (Clark et al, 2013), further spread of resistance is likely. To reduce this risk, it is important to unravel the molecular and metabolic mechanisms involved in pediculicide resistance (Oakeshott et al, 2003), which have been addressed by several studies in recent years (Yoon et al, 2008;Kwon et al, 2014). However, current understanding of how resistance evolves and spreads through populations is very limited because key factors such as population structure, gene flow, reproductive genetics, life history and mating system remain insufficiently explored.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The unusual reproductive system of head and body lice (Pediculus humanus)

Filia

Andrewes

Clark

et al. 2017

Medical Vet Entomology

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Insect reproduction is extremely variable, but the implications of alternative genetic systems are often overlooked in studies on the evolution of insecticide resistance. Both ecotypes of Pediculus humanus (Phthiraptera: Pediculidae), the human head and body lice, are human ectoparasites, the control of which is challenged by the recent spread of resistance alleles. The present study conclusively establishes for the first time that both head and body lice reproduce through paternal genome elimination (PGE), an unusual genetic system in which males transmit only their maternally derived chromosomes. Here, we investigate inheritance patterns of parental genomes using a genotyping approach across families of both ecotypes and show that heterozygous males exclusively or preferentially pass on one allele only, whereas females transmit both in a Mendelian fashion. We do however observe occasional transmission of paternal chromosomes through males, representing the first known case of PGE in which whole‐genome meiotic drive is incomplete. Finally, we discuss the potential implications of this finding for the evolution of resistance and invite the development of new theoretical models of how this knowledge might contribute to increasing the success of pediculicide‐based management schemes.

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Identification and characterization of an esterase involved in malathion resistance in the head louse Pediculus humanus capitis

Cited by 20 publications

References 24 publications

Overexpression of two α-esterase genes mediates metabolic resistance to malathion in the oriental fruit fly,Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)

Overexpression of two α-esterase genes mediates metabolic resistance to malathion in the oriental fruit fly,Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)

Where Are We With Human Lice? A Review of the Current State of Knowledge

The unusual reproductive system of head and body lice (Pediculus humanus)

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