Identification and characterization of a gene encoding a kinesin-like protein in Drosophila

McDonald, Heather B.; Goldstein, Lawrence S.B.

doi:10.1016/0092-8674(90)90064-l

Cited by 175 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…One of the most important processes in achieving this fidelity is the formation of the mitotic spindle by microtubule organizing centres. Recent studies of genes involved in the distributive segregation system in Drosophila (Endow et al, 1990;McDonald & Goldstein, 1990;Zhang et a!., 1990) have shown that these loci encode members of the kinesin heavy chain superfamily, so that chromosome movement in the spindle seems to involve the same kind of motors that move the organelles along microtubules in the cytoplasm (Carpenter, 1991). Recent approaches involving studying the movements of microtubules on the kinetochores of isolated chromosomes by video microscopy (Hyman & Mitchison, 1991) will presumably throw much light on our understanding of chromosome movement during mitosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitotic instability of B chromosomes during embryo development in Locusta migratoria

et al. 1995

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Mitotic instability of B chromosomes during embryo development has been studied in the locust Locusta migratoria. Direct cytological observation of B chromosome nondisjunction in embryos has shown that it occurs in 2.7 per cent of anaphase and telophase cells, and that this frequency is not significantly different among embryos of 5-9 days of development. We have defined three indices which have been shown to be very useful to quantifying mitotic instability: R, the ratio of embryos showing B chromosome instability, M, the median of the distribution of B chromosome numbers in a sample of embryo cells, which has been shown to be a good estimator of the original number of B chromosomes present in the zygote, and MI, the sum of all deviations (in absolute value) of B numbers with respect to M in the same embryo. Mitotic instability of B chromosomes is already apparent in 3-day-old embryos and reaches its maximum value on the fifth day of development. The intensity of mitotic instability, as measured by MI, varies significantly during the developmental period analysed but no definite trend was observed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitotic instability of B chromosomes during embryo development in Locusta migratoria

et al. 1995

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“…The primary structure of KIF2 has a conserved motor domain at the center of the molecule, being different from that located at the NH2 terminus in conventional kinesins and that at the COOH terminus in other groups of kinesin-like proteins such as KAR3 and ncd (Meluh et ai., 1990;Mcdonald and Goldstein, 1990;Endow et al, 1990). Sf9-expressed recombinant KIF2, similar to kinesin, exists as a homodimer, binds microtubules in a ATP-dependent manner, and translocates microtubules as a plus-end-directed motor.…”

Section: Kif2 Has a Unique Structure Distinct From Kinesinmentioning

confidence: 99%

KIF2 is a new microtubule-based anterograde motor that transports membranous organelles distinct from those carried by kinesin heavy chain or KIF3A/B.

Noda

Sato-Yoshitake

Kondo

et al. 1995

The Journal of Cell Biology

157

118

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Abstract. Kinesin is known as a representative cytoskeletal motor protein that is engaged in cell division and axonal transport. In addition to the mutant assay, recent advances using the PCR cloning technique have elucidated the existence of many kinds of kinesin-related proteins in yeast, Drosophila, and mice. We previously cloned five different members of kinesin superfamily proteins (KIFs) in mouse brain (Aizawa, H., Y. Sekine, R. Takemura, Z. Zhang, M. Nangaku, and N. . J. Cell Biol. 119:1287-1296 and demonstrated that one of them, KIF3A, is an anterograde motor (Kondo, S., R. SatoYashitake, Y. Noda, H. Aizawa, T. Nakata, Y. Matsuura, and N. Hirokawa. J. Cell Biol. 1994. 125:1095-1107. We have now characterized another axonal transport motor, KIF2. Different from other KIFs, KIF2 is a central type motor, since its motor domain is located in the center of the molecule.Recombinant KIF2 exists as a dimer with a bigger head and plus-end directionally moves microtubules at a velocity of 0.47 ± 0.11 /~m/s, which is two thirds that of kinesin's. Immunocytological examination showed that native KIF2 is abundant in developing axons and that it accumulates in the proximal region of the ligated nerves after a 20-h ligation. Soluble KIF2 exists without a light chain, and KIF2's associated-vesicles, immunoprecipitated by anti-KIF2 antibody, are different from those carried by existing motors such as kinesin and KIF3A. They are also distinct from synaptic vesicles, although KIF2 is accumulated in so-called synaptic vesicle fractions and embryonal growth cone particles. Our results strongly suggest that KIF2 functions as a new anterograde motor, being specialized for a particular group of membranous organelles involved in fast axonal transport. N'EURONS possess a highly polarized cytoarchitecture and transport system that enable them to perform their specialized functions. Especially within axons, each membrane or substrate is transported at the proper velocity and direction. Specialized markers have been used to identify many kinds of axonal transports, which can be roughly classified into several groups based on their velocities and directions (Grafstein and Forma, 1980;Dahlstrtm et al., 1992). The variety of cross-bridge structures connecting vesicles and microtubules also supports the existence of a plural mechanism for axonal transport (Hirokawa et al., 1982.Kinesin and cytoplasmic dynein are representative motors of anterograde and retrograde axonal transport, respectively (Vale et al., 1985;Brady et al., 1985;Paschal et al., 1987).Y. Noda and R. Sato-Yoshitake contributed equally to this study.Address all correspondence to Prof. N. Hirokawa, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Tokyo 113, Japan. Ph.: (81)3-3812-2111 (ext. 3326), Fax: (81) 3-5689-4856.To better understand possible involvement of other motor molecules, we previously searched for new ones and ultimately applied the PCR method to clone five kinesin-like molecules (kinesin superfamily proteins ...

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“…These abnormalities affect both chiasmatic and non-chiasmatic chromosomes, whereas most alleles of nod lead to a loss of only the chromosomes that have failed to cross-over (reviewed in reference 9) . The motor domain of NOD is near its NH2 terminus (101), while the molecular organization of NCD resembles that of the KAR3 protein (13,41) .…”

Section: Mcintosh and Pfarr Mitotic Motorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While true kinesin does not appear to play a role in mitosis (77,96), mutations in two kinesin-like genes in Drosophila, ncd (13,41), and nod (101), reduce the fidelity of meiotic chromosome segregation . Both these genes contain sequences that resemble kinesins motor domain .…”

Section: Mcintosh and Pfarr Mitotic Motorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitotic motors.

McIntosh

Pfarr

1991

The Journal of Cell Biology

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T HE complex but well-controlled motions of chromosomes during mitosis have long evoked the view that the mitotic spindle contains enzymes capable oftransducing chemical energy into mechanical work, but the nature ofthese "motor" molecules has been elusive . During the last 40 years, three ideas have dominated the field : (a) microtubules (MT)' attach to chromosomes and move them by the addition and removal of tubulin; (b) mitotic forces are produced by mechanochemical enzymes, probably ATPases, that interact with MTs; and (c) mitotic forces are generated by muscle proteins. Possibility c now seems remote, but recent data from studies on the dynamics of spindle MTs, on the genes and gene products that are required for normal chromosome motion, and on the time-dependent changes in spindle structure reveal that both possibilities a and b are pertinent for explaining mitotic movements. While it is too soon to say just how chromosomes are moved during cell division, there is now enough information to identify key phenomena and the kinds of proteins involved . This paper is a sketch of the motile events that occur during mitosis and a discussion of the ways that MTs and their associated motor enzymes may cause these motions . Mitotic Motions and Forces MotionsThe essential features of chromosome motion are well known (Fig. 1). The interactions between MTs and chromosomes begin at the transition from prophase to prometaphase; in higher eukaryotes this occurs when the nuclear envelope disperses, while in many lower eukaryotes spindle proteins assemble in the nucleus . MTs grow out from the centrosomes (spindle poles) and interact with the chromosomes and with each other. Initial chromosome movements are usually directed toward the nearby pole and are often comparatively fast (ca. 25 pm/min). One ofthe two sister kinetochores is the principal site at which the force for this motion is generated (71). Eventually sister kinetochores attach to MTs growing from opposite poles, and each chromosome shows a net motion toward the spindle equator. During this "congression" to the metaphase plate, which is usually the sum of many movements toward and away from each pole, the rate ofchromosome motion decreases . Anaphase begins with the splitting of the centromeres, and sister chromatids move apart at 0.5-2 jAm/min . The decrease in distance be-1 . Abbreviations used in this paper : MT, microtubule .

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Identification and characterization of a gene encoding a kinesin-like protein in Drosophila

Cited by 175 publications

References 38 publications

Mitotic instability of B chromosomes during embryo development in Locusta migratoria

Mitotic instability of B chromosomes during embryo development in Locusta migratoria

KIF2 is a new microtubule-based anterograde motor that transports membranous organelles distinct from those carried by kinesin heavy chain or KIF3A/B.

Mitotic motors.

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