Pelteobagrus vachelli is a well-known commercial species in Asia. However, a sudden lack of oxygen will result in mortality and eventually to pond turnover. Studying the molecular mechanisms of hypoxia adaptation in fishes will not only help us to understand fish speciation and the evolution of the hypoxiasignaling pathway, but will also guide us in the breeding of hypoxia-tolerant fish strains. Despite this, the genetic regulatory network for miRNA-mRNA and the signaling pathways involved in hypoxia responses in fish have remained unexamined. In the present study, we used next-generation sequencing technology to characterise mRNA-seq and miRNA-seq of control-and hypoxia-treated P. vachelli livers to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of hypoxia adaptation. We were able to find miRNA-mRNA pairs using bioinformatics analysis and miRNA prediction algorithms. Furthermore, we compared several key pathways which were identified as involved in the hypoxia response of P. vachelli. Our study is the first report on integrated analysis of mRNA-seq and miRNA-seq in fishes and offers a deeper insight into the molecular mechanisms of hypoxia adaptation. qRT-PCR analysis further confirmed the results of mRNASeq and miRNA-Seq analysis. We provide a good case study for analyzing mRNA/miRNA expression and profiling a non-model fish species using next-generation sequencing technology.Oxygen serves as the terminal electron acceptor in oxidative phosphorylation. Moreover, several enzymatic processes in vivo require molecular oxygen as the direct substrate 1 . Aquatic organisms are usually exposed to oxygen at various concentrations. For example, the natural oxygen level in fresh water can vary widely over the course of 24 hours, from a low level at night to oversaturation during the day. In order to thrive in this environment, fish have adapted and developed various survival strategies (e.g., depression of the metabolic rate, shifting of blood flow mainly to the brain and heart, and efficient production of energy) 2 . Unearthing the molecular mechanisms of hypoxia adaptation in fishes will not only help us to understand fish speciation and the evolution of the hypoxia-signaling pathway but will also guide us in the breeding of hypoxia-tolerant fish strains.Pelteobagrus vachelli has delicious taste with little bone in muscle and high nutritional value. Moreover, it is omnivorous and has a remarkable ability to adapt to environment 3,4 . The relatively high yield of P. vachelli coupled with an affordable price for consumers thus make it a very popular commercial species in Asia. However, the species is only distributed in some of Asia's larger rivers, such as the Liaohe, Huaihe, Yangtze, Xiangjiang, Minjiang and Pearl. It is not suitable for high-density pond farming because of the relatively high oxygen-consumption rate and low oxygen threshold; a sudden lack of oxygen will result in mortality among the fish and will eventually lead to pond turnover 5 . These special characteristics of P. vachelli suggest that it is not only a signi...