Identification and characteristics of a novel gland‐forming gene in cotton

Abstract

The cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) pigment gland is a distinctive structure that functions as the main deposit organ of gossypol and its derivatives. It is also an ideal system in which to study cell differentiation and organogenesis. However, only a few genes that determine the process of gland formation have been reported, including GoPGF, CGP1, and CGFs; the molecular mechanisms underlying gland initiation are still largely unclear. Here, we report the discovery of the novel stem pigment gland-forming gene GoSPGF by map-based cloning; annotated as a GRAS transcription factor, this gene is responsible for the glandless trait specifically on the stem. In the stem glandless mutant T582, a point mutation (C to A) was found to create a premature stop codon and truncate the protein. Similarly, virus-induced gene silencing of GoSPGF resulted in glandless stems and dramatically reduced gossypol content. Comparative transcriptomic data showed that loss of GoSPGF significantly suppressed expression of many genes involved in gossypol biosynthesis and altered expression of genes involved in gibberellic acid signaling/biosynthesis. Overall, these findings provide more insight into the networks regulating glandular structure differentiation and formation in cotton, which will be helpful for understanding other plants bearing special gland structures such as tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana), artemisia annua, mint (Mentha spp.), and rubber (Hevea brasiliensis).

Grafting Causes Physiological Changes and Promotes Adventitious Root Formation in Rejuvenated Soft Shoots of Taxodium hybrid ‘Zhongshanshan’

“…A quantitative analysis of plant endogenous hormones was performed according to previously reported methods [ 46 ]. One g of tissues was snap-frozen and ground in liquid nitrogen, followed by 2 x extraction with isopropyl alcohol/hydrochloric acid extraction buffer and dichloromethane.…”

Identification and characterization of a novel gene involved in glandular trichome development in Nepeta tenuifolia

“…The method has been widely used in diverse areas of plant research, including evolutionary developmental biology, analyses of secondary metabolism, symbiotic interactions, and plantpathogen interactions (Dommes et al, 2019). Recently, TRV has been used to determine the functions of genes associated with GT formation and development (Janga et al, 2019;Zang et al, 2021). TRV1 and TRV2 are one set of the most widely used vectors (Ratcliff et al, 2001) that have been used to silence genes in Nicotiana benthamiana, tomato, petunia, Arabidopsis, cotton, and cucumber (Liu et al, 2004;Fu et al, 2005;Fang et al, 2021).…”

“…The target genes were inserted into pTRV2, which is referred to as pTRV2-NtMIXTA1. VIGS was performed as described in a previous study (Zang et al, 2021). In our experiment, cotyledons of 10day-old seedlings of N. tenuifolia were injected.…”

“…Recently, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) has been widely used for gene functional studies. The method is available and effective for no stable system of genetic transformation (Unver and Budak, 2009;Courdavault et al, 2020;Zang et al, 2021).…”

Visible gland constantly traces virus-induced gene silencing in cotton

“…The VIGS method utilizes the Cloroplastos alterados 1 gene (CLA1) as a common positive control, which results in photobleaching of the silenced regions (Gao et al, 2011a). Recently, VIGS technology has been used extensively to study the gene function of cotton, due to its discrete characters verification, such as Red plant (R 1 ) (Cai et al, 2014), Okra leaf (L 2 0 ) (Chang et al, 2016;Andres et al, 2017), Glandless (Gl 2 e ) (Ma et al, 2016), Ligon-lintless (Li 1 ) (Thyssen et al, 2017), Naked seed (N 1 ) (Wan et al, 2016), Lint fiber development (Li 3 ) (Wu et al, 2018), Axillary flowering (GbAF) (Si et al, 2018), Coiled-coil nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat (CC-NBS-LRR) (Deng et al, 2019), APETALA 2/ethylene-responsive factor (AP2/ERF) (Pei et al, 2021), UBX-Domain Containing10 (Zang et al, 2021a) and novel stem pigment gland-forming gene (GoSPGF) (Zang et al, 2021b). There are many studies on the analysis of gene function in biotic and abiotic resistances including disease (Gao et al, 2011b), drought (Chen et al, 2015) and low temperature (Liu et al, 2015).…”