Identification and characterisation of tetratricopeptide repeat protein 9

Abstract

Index 3.4.2 The regulation of TTC9 protein level by other steroid hormones 3.4 The expression of TTC9 in breast cancer cell lines 118 3.5 TTC9 is hormonally regulated in MCF-7 cells 3.6 TTC9 is over-expressed in breast cancer tissues compared with the adjacent normal tissues 122 3.7 Regulation of TTC9 expression in MCF-7 cells 127 3.7.1 TTC9 is serum and growth factors inducible 127 3.7.2 Growth factor-induced TTC9 expression is via the activation of ERK1/2 signaling pathway 3.7.3 The regulations by growth factors and estrogen on TTC9 protein level are mediated through separate pathways 3.8 Subcellular localization of TTC9 3.9 Identification of TTC9 transcript and protein in human tissues 3.10 Detection of TTC9 protein in mice and rats tissues 3.11 TTC9 is also hormonally regulated in mouse uterus 8 3.12 TTC9 interacting proteins 3.13 TTC9 can interact with cellular Tm5NM-1 3.14 TTC9 interacts with Tm5NM-l in mammalian cells 3.15 The linker fragment between the first two TPR domains of TTC9 is important for the interaction with Tm5NM-l ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library Index 3.16 TTC9 was expressed at a higher level in adherent cells compared with that in suspension cells 154 DISCUSSION 156 4.1 Sequence characteristics of TTC9 157 4.1.1 mRNA size of TTC9 transcript 157 4.1.2 Characteristics of TTC9 protein 158 4.1.2.1 Protein length of TTC9 158 4.1.2.2 TTC9 is mainly localized in endoplasmic reticulum 159 4.1.2.3 Secondary structure of TTC9 protein 160 4.1.3 TTC9 is located on human chromosome 14 4.2 The involvement of TTC9 in hormone signaling 4.2.1 In ABC28 cells, TTC9 is up-regulated by progesterone through PR 4.2.2 TTC9 is down-regulated by E 2 in MCF-7 cells 4.2.3 TTC9 is involved in MAPK signaling pathways 4.2.3.1 Growth factors increased TTC9 expression 4.2.3.2 TTC9 is differentially regulated by different MAPK signaling pathways 4.2.4 TTC9 is hormonally regulated in vivo 4.2.5 Estrogen and growth factors regulate TTC9 expression through different pathways ATTENTION: The Singapore Copyright Act applies to the use of this document. Nanyang Technological University Library Index 4.3 Identification of TTC9 domains involved in the interaction with Tm5NM-l 4.3.1 The first amino acids of TTC9 is important for the interaction 4.3.2 The second and third TPR domains of TTC9 shows inhibitory effect on the interaction between TTC9 and Tm5NM-1 4.3.3 The first TPR domain and the linker region between the first two TPR domains are important for the interaction 4.4 TTC9 and cytoskeleton organization 4.5 Conclusions 4.