Identification and Cellular Localization of the Catecholamines in the Retina and the Choroid of the Rabbit

Häggendal, Jan; Malmfors, Törbjorn

doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1965.tb04153.x

Cited by 239 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 19 publications

(9 reference statements)

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“…The tubes were shaken by hand for 5 min and centrifuged, and the organic layer was aspirated. The aqueous layer was washed with 500 ~1 of peroxide-free ether (Udenfriend et al, 1955) by shaking for 5 min and centrifuged, and the organic layer was aspirated. Usually, 30 ~1 of the aqueous solution was injected into the liquid chromatograph for analysis by reverse phase ion pair high pressure liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the vertebrate retina, dopamine has been identified as the possible transmitter for a class of amacrine cells with cell bodies in the inner nuclear layer (Ehinger, 1976). Sufficient 5-HT to justify a possible neuronal role for this amine has been measured only in chick (Suzuki et al, 1975) and bovine retina (Thomas and Redburn, 1979 cence technique, the indoleamine of embryonic chick retina has been located in a type of amacrine cell (Hauschild and Laties, 1973) although Haggendal and Malmfors (1965) could not locate such neurons in rabbit retina. Cells capable of accumulating exogenous indoleamine amine have been identified in the retinae of many species, but these cells can only be visualized histochemically after taking up exogenous indoleamine (Ehinger and Floren, 1978;Floren, 1979a).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Evidence for a neurotransmitter role for 5-hydroxytryptamine in chick retina

Parkinson¹,

Rando²

1981

J. Neurosci.

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Retinal 5-hydroxytryptamine levels were reduced by local injection of a-fluoromethyldopa, an inhibitor of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase, or reserpine, indicating that this amine is both synthesized and stored in this tissue. The retinae of light-adapted chicks have higher levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine and its major metabolite, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, than dark-adapted animals. The turnover of 5-hydroxytryptamine appears to be greater in the light after inhibition of synthesis. Conversely, the rate of synthesis of 5-hydroxytryptamine appears to be greater in the dark. The possible interaction of dopaminergic neurons and the 5-hydroxytryptamine-containing cells and the effect of a-fluoromethyldopa on this relationship are discussed. The data lend support to the notion that 5-hydroxytryptamine in chick retina may have a neurotransmitter function.Much evidence has been accumulated to indicate that the biogenic amines, norepinephrine, dopamine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT),3 may be the neurotransmitters for some neurons in the central nervous system. In the vertebrate retina, dopamine has been identified as the possible transmitter for a class of amacrine cells with cell bodies in the inner nuclear layer (Ehinger, 1976). Sufficient 5-HT to justify a possible neuronal role for this amine has been measured only in chick (Suzuki et al., 1975) and bovine retina (Thomas and Redburn, 1979).

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Evidence for a neurotransmitter role for 5-hydroxytryptamine in chick retina

Parkinson¹,

Rando²

1981

J. Neurosci.

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“…We focus on the intrinsic retinal neurochemical, dopamine (Haggendal and Malmfors, 1965), which is known to modulate the gap-junctional conductance of retinal second-order neurons (Piccolino et al, 1984) and to augment information flow in cone circuits while suppressing that in rod circuits (Witkovsky and Dearry, 1991). Photoreceptors have dopamine receptors of the D2/D4 subtypes (Cohen et al, 1992;Muresan and Besharse, 1993).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dopamine D2 receptor‐mediated modulation of rod‐cone coupling in the Xenopus retina

Križaj¹,

Gábriel²,

Owen³

et al. 1998

J. Comp. Neurol.

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We studied the responses of rod photoreceptors that were elicited with light flashes or sinusoidally modulated light by using intracellular recording. Dark-adapted Xenopus rod photoreceptors responded to sinusoidally modulated green lights at temporal frequencies between 1 Hz and 4 Hz. In normal Ringer's solution, 57% of the rods tested could follow red lights that were matched for equal rod absorbance to frequencies >5 Hz, indicating an input from red-sensitive cones. Quinpirole (10 μM), a D2 dopamine agonist, increased rod-cone coupling, whereas spiperone (5 μM), a selective D2 antagonist, completely suppressed it. D1 dopamine ligands were without effect. Neurobiotin that was injected into single rods diffused into neighboring rods and cones in quinpirole-treated retinas but only diffused into rods in spiperone-treated retinas. A subpopulation of rods (ca. 10% total rods) received a very strong cone input, which quickened the kinetics of their responses to red flashes and greatly increased the bandpass of their responses to sinusoidally modulated light. Based on electron microscopic examination, which showed that rod-rod and cone-cone gap junctions are common, whereas rod-cone junctions are relatively rare, we postulate that cone signals enter the rod network through a minority of rods with strong cone connections, from which the cone signal is further distributed in the rod network. A semiquantitative model of coupling, based on measures of gapjunction size and distribution and estimates of their conductance and open times, provides support for this assumption. The same network would permit rod signals to reach cones. Keywords gap junction; photoreceptor; retina; neuromodulation When rod photoreceptors are fully dark-adapted, they respond reliably to the absorbance of a single quantum of light (Yau et al., 1977). Rods continue to function when they are desensitized by background lights (Fain, 1976) or by prior exposure to light, and, in those circumstances, the effective stimuli for rods can be sufficiently bright to also activate cone photoreceptors, allowing for the possibility of interactions between rod signals and cone signals. (Raviola and Gilula, 1973), and functional rod-cone coupling in primate retina has been reported (Schneeweis and Schnapf, 1995).The main experimental question of the present study is whether the conductances of photoreceptor gap junctions are subject to neuromodulation. We focus on the intrinsic retinal neurochemical, dopamine (Haggendal and Malmfors, 1965), which is known to modulate the gap-junctional conductance of retinal second-order neurons (Piccolino et al., 1984) and to augment information flow in cone circuits while suppressing that in rod circuits (Witkovsky and Dearry, 1991). Photoreceptors have dopamine receptors of the D2/D4 subtypes (Cohen et al., 1992;Muresan and Besharse, 1993). In the present study, we found that a D2 dopamine agonist, but not a D1 agonist, increases rod-cone coupling in the Xenopus retina, resulting in altered rod light-evoked response k...

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“…Dopamine is the most studied retinal neurotransmitter; it seems to play a major role in the transmission of light stimuli (20)(21)(22). Moreover, all disorders linked to a dopaminergic system disturbance, specifically, substance-induced psychotic disorders (23), psychomotor excitement of bipolar disorder (2,(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29), and some features of the schizophrenia spectrum (25,(30)(31)(32)(33)(34) worsen in summer.…”

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confidence: 99%

Panic-Agoraphobic Spectrum and Light Sensitivity in a General Population Sample in Italy

et al. 2005

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Objective: This study aimed to verify a possible correlation between panic symptoms and photosensitivity, not only in panic disorder (PD) but also in the panic-agoraphobic spectrum. Method:One hundred and sixty-nine healthy and drug-free subjects completed the Structured Clinical Interview for Panic-Agoraphobic Spectrum-Lifetime version (SCI-PAS-Lifetime) and the Photosensitivity Assessment Questionnaire (PAQ). Results:The SCI-PAS-Lifetime total score was positively correlated with the total score of the PAQ photophobia subdimension (r = 0.44; P < 0.001); the SCI-PAS-Lifetime total score was not significantly correlated with the photophilia subdimension. As photophobia increased, we observed significant score increases in all SCI-PAS-Lifetime domains. Bivariate correlation showed higher coefficient correlation between the panic-like symptoms domain and photophobia (r = 0.44; P < 0.001). Conclusions:A high total score in the SCI-PAS-Lifetime, which denotes more typical features of the spectrum, is associated with a higher level of light sensitivity and intolerance toward bright stimuli. This finding reflects clinical evidence that widely documents photophobic behaviours in subjects with PD and the importance of light stimuli exposure during the onset and course of such a disorder. Bright stimulation seems to be relevant both in PD diagnosed according to current DSM criteria and in the entire panic-agoraphobic spectrum, from nuclear elements of the disorder through subclinical states to the normal condition. Clinical Implications· This study confirms clinical evidence and literature data that document photophobic behaviours in subjects with panic disorder (PD), as well as the importance of light stimuli exposure during the onset and course of such a disorder. · The possible presence of panic spectrum elements in patients affected by psychiatric disorders other than PD and their relation to light hypersensitivity suggest the importance of carefully assessing subsyndromic panic symptoms. They may explain seasonal changes in some aspects of the course of evident clinical Axis I disorders. · The relation between light stimulation and panic spectrum elements could have meaningful implications for the course and prognosis of the clinical manifestations, especially with reference to seasonal changes, with significant consequences for clinical remission and maintenance therapy. Limitations· We considered a small sample that was not homogeneously distributed between men and women; photophobia and photophilia scores did not have a Gaussian distribution. · The Photosensitivity Assessment Questionnaire was designed for a Mediterranean population, and its outside test validity and reliability were evaluated in an Italian population only. · Further studies using larger, homogeneous samples are needed to conduct a more in-depth investigation of the relations between spectrum model, nosographic entities of current classification systems, and light sensitivity.

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Identification and Cellular Localization of the Catecholamines in the Retina and the Choroid of the Rabbit

Cited by 239 publications

References 19 publications

Evidence for a neurotransmitter role for 5-hydroxytryptamine in chick retina

Evidence for a neurotransmitter role for 5-hydroxytryptamine in chick retina

Dopamine D2 receptor‐mediated modulation of rod‐cone coupling in the Xenopus retina

Panic-Agoraphobic Spectrum and Light Sensitivity in a General Population Sample in Italy

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