Many of the natural products produced by actinomycetes have useful biological activities including antibiotic, antitumor and immunosuppressant activities, reflecting their structural diversity. In addition, many of them have heterocyclic rings in their structures, and these rings are considered to be important for their biological activities. Various chemical reactions and enzymes catalyzing them are used for their formation reactions. In this review, our recent examples of biosynthetic studies on the natural product with heterocycles in actinomycetes are summarized. These include indoline and tetrahydroquinoline ring formation using the nitrene-forming reaction found in the biosynthetic pathway of benzastatin, oxazoline ring formation in nonribosomal peptide synthetases and polyketidederived piperidine alkaloid biosynthesis. These studies are expected to provide novel insights into enzyme chemistry as well as a new idea for synthetic organic chemists.