“…The common idea behind these approaches is that the negative information (reasons, values) is not just the complement of the positive one, but needs to be considered explicitly and formalised appropriately. In formal logic this idea has been further developing multi-valued logics and more precisely four-valued logics (see in [17], [18], [32], [100], [109], [106], [121], [155], [248], [253]). In the case of preference modelling, the use of such logics was first suggested in [252] and [82].…”