“…ANCF element technology includes several different types of beam, plate/shell and solid elements based on standard polynomial basis functions (Von Dombrowski, 1997, Omar and Shabana, 2001, Mikkola and Shabana, 2003, Shabana, 2013, Olshevskiy et al, 2014, rational basis functions Shabana, 2009, Pappalardo et al 2016) and with rotations as degrees of freedom instead of gradient vectors (Zheng andShabana, 2016, Pappalardo et al 2017). ANCF elements have been used in a diverse range of applications like tracked vehicles, tires, satellites and pantograph-catenary systems (Hamed et al, 2015, Patel et al, 2015, Liu et al, 2011, Kulkarni et al, 2017. However, like classical finite elements, ANCF elements can suffer from the locking phenomenon.…”